改革开放30年中国心理学的发展

对改革开放三十年我国心理学发展进行回顾.目的是总结经验,了解过去,把握现在,谋划未来.这项工作,意义重大.从1978年至2008年中国心理学的发展可划分为重建期、稳步成长期和快速发展期三个阶段.改革开放30年中国心理学发展的基本经验是学术自由与园家的支持,自然科学研究取向与人文科学研究取向并举,人才培养与科学研究并重以及国际化与中国化的相互促进.中国心理学的来来将会对我国的社会发展以及人类的睿智、健康、幸福作出新的更大贡献.     

高低自立水平儿童道德情绪判断及归因特点的实验研究

本研究运用故事情境的临床访谈方法探讨了高、低自立水平儿童的道德情绪判断及归因模式.结果显示,在道德判断任务中,两组儿童在三种侵犯情景(说谎、偷拿、伤害)下均无显著差异;在情绪判断任务中,在偷拿情境和伤害情境下,高自立组对犯过者的情绪判断为高兴/开心者显著少于低自立组,而判断为难过/羞愧者显著多于低自立组;在归因模式上,两组儿童在说谎情境下没有显著差异,而在偷拿情境和伤害情境下,高自立组个人定向显著少于低自立组,而道德定向显著多于低自立组.研究结果提示儿童自立水平越高其道德情绪判断的归因越是"道德定向"的,自立水平越低其道德情绪判断的归因越是"个人定向"的.自立行为发展水平可能是影响儿童道德情绪判断和归因的因素之一.     

健全人格取向的大学生心理健康结构初探

在文献综述的基础上,建构了健全人格取向的大学生心理健康的理论模型,并对大学生进行开放式问卷调查,再参考同类量表,拟定了大学生心理健康量表的题项.经过对4452名大学生进行测试,结果表明:健全人格取向的大学生心理健康包含:幸福体验、人际和谐、积极乐学、情绪调控、目标追求和勇于挑战等6个维度,本研究所编制的大学生心理健康鼍表具有良好的信效度.     

《荀子》的“类”观念

《荀子》的“类”观念有四种：一、感性经验价值世界中由“名”所指代的“实类”,即由“实”的感性和价值性特征的同异所区分的人类、物类和现象类等。二、事物和人事中,存在自然或人为关联的双方,是“相从类”。三、以礼义的要求来衡量而对人所区分的“类”。四、作为社会、进而整个人的价值世界之秩序系统的“统类”。这些类观念由广义的“统类”所统辖。《荀子》类观念的性质：一、感性,包括“以似为类”和“以从聚为类”两种情形。二、价值性。     

国际探索中心暑期研修班通讯

国际探索中心行使教育功能的机构是成立于1987年的国际探索中心研究所。该研究所是北美地区最早从事此类学术性教育项目的机构．得到中心众多研究人员与专家学者的参与和支持。该研究所为学员提供人文主义思想和实践的教育科目．尤其关注世俗人文主义的模式和科学探索。     

Reversing the Attention Effect in Figure-Ground Perception

ABSTRACT— Human visual perception is sometimes ambiguous, switching between different perceptual structures, and shifts of attention sometimes favor one perceptual structure over another. It has been proposed that, in figure-ground segmentation, attention to certain regions tends to cause those regions to be perceived as closer to the observer. Here, we show that this attention effect can be reversed under certain conditions. To account for these phenomena, we propose an alternative principle: The visual system chooses the interpretation that maximizes simplicity of the attended regions.     

Online interpretation of scalar quantifiers: insight into the semantics-pragmatics interface

Scalar implicature has served as a test case for exploring the relations between semantic and pragmatic processes during language comprehension. Most studies have used reaction time methods and the results have been variable. In these studies, we use the visual-world paradigm to investigate implicature. We recorded participants’ eye movements during commands like “Point to the girl that has some of the socks” in the presence of a display in which one girl had two of four socks and another had three of three soccer balls. These utterances contained an initial period of ambiguity in which the semantics of some was compatible with both characters. This ambiguity could be immediately resolved by a pragmatic implicature which would restrict some to a proper subset. Instead in Experiments 1 and 2, we found that participants were substantially delayed, suggesting a lag between semantic and pragmatic processing. In Experiment 3, we examined interpretations of some when competitors were inconsistent with the semantics (girl with socks vs. girl with no socks). We found quick resolution of the target, suggesting that previous delays were specifically linked to pragmatic analysis.     

Are errors differentiable from deceptive responses when feigning memory impairment? An fMRI study

Previous neuroimaging studies have suggested that the neural activity associated with truthful recall, with false memory, and with feigned memory impairment are different from one another. Here, we report a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study that addressed an important but yet unanswered question: Is the neural activity associated with intentional faked responses and with errors differentiable? Using a word list learning recognition paradigm, the findings of this mixed event-related fMRI study clearly indicated that the brain activity associated with intentional faked responses was different to the activity associated with errors committed unintentionally. For intentional faked responses, significant activation was found in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, the posterior cingulate region, and the precuneus. However, no significant activation was observed for unintentional errors. The results suggest that deception, in terms of feigning memory impairment, is not only more cognitively demanding than making unintentional errors but also utilizes different cognitive processes.     

文章结构清晰度对修改的影响研究

研究了文章结构清晰度对文章修改的影响。高低水平的作者各分别修改结构清晰度不同的材料。实验结果表明,文章修改质量的水平差异显著;文章结构清晰有助于修改者在修改过程中建构文章的整体模式,从而促进意义错误的修改。文章结构清晰度对修改的影响主要是通过影响工作记忆资源的分配而实现的。     

Avoiding Anxiety,Being in Denial,or Simply Stroking Self‐Esteem: Why Self‐Positivity?

This article studies the presence, resilience, and direction of the self‐positivity bias under various conditions to examine the role of self‐esteem maintenance as an important antecedent for the bias. Experiment 1 manipulates the perceptions of the uncontrollability of cancer and presence of base‐rate information as independent variables that together eliminate the self‐positivity bias in perceptions of the risk of cancer. Experiment 2 shows the same effects using 4 life events that differ in terms of valence and perceived controllability; that is, base‐rate information affects self‐estimates for uncontrollable life events, reducing the self‐positivity bias, but does not affect self‐estimates for controllable events. Experiment 3 shows that these effects only apply to optimistic individuals who fail to incorporate base‐rate information into their self‐perceptions for controllable events. In contrast, pessimists use base rates to update their self‐estimates irrespective of the controllability of the event. Overall, the pattern suggests that self‐positivity is attenuated in conditions that implicate self‐esteem. Implications for health care marketing are discussed.