Dealing with the Criterion Problem by Measuring the Quality and Quantity of Creative Activity and Accomplishment

The criterion problem was one of the focal points of early studies of creativity, but several useful criteria have been developed in the last few decades. The investigation reported here represents additional progress. This report (a) describes a new quality of creative achievement index for each domain of the Creative Activity and Accomplishment Checklist (CAAC); (b) compares quality and quantity of creative activity and accomplishment using CAAC data from 202 students; and (c) introduces 2 new scales for the CAAC, one representing everyday creativity and the other technological creativity. The advantages of the modified CAAC include the assessment of both quality (i.e., socially recognized) and quantity of creative achievement, as well as additional breadth in the domains that can be reliably assessed. Analyses of CAAC data confirmed that (a) all domains, including everyday and technological creativity, were reliable in the sample of students and (b) the quality of creative activity did indeed differ from its quantity. There were few sex differences, but boys outperformed girls in technological creativity and girls outperformed boys in the arts. Limitations and future research are noted.     

视觉适应及其神经机制

视适应使得视觉系统可以连续地根据外界环境的变化做出调整, 改善了对世界的感知。研究提示, 适应影响了对许多基本的视觉属性的加工, 诸如亮度、对比度、运动、颜色等, 也包括对复杂的刺激如面孔等。视适应发生于视觉加工流的多个阶段, 从视网膜到初级视觉皮层以及之后的脑区(例如纹外皮层, 梭状回面孔区)。关于视适应的机制解释, 已从早期的神经元反应疲劳解释发展成当今更流行的标准化模型理论等。最近的适应研究证明, 视觉适应由时间尺度上快慢不同的多重机制控制, 这被认为赋予了视觉系统有效应对环境中不同时间尺度的变化的能力。     

When Categorization Is Ambiguous: Factors That Facilitate the Use of a Multiple Category Inference Strategy

Prior research has established that categorization plays a central role in new product learning. Very little is known, however, about category‐based learning under conditions of categorization ambiguity. Of particular interest is whether and under what circumstances consumers might employ a multiple‐ (vs. single‐) category strategy to generate inferences about ambiguous products. In this research, we identified 2 factors—category familiarity and the nature of the category cue—that are responsible for determining whether inferences are based on a single category or multiple, competing categories. The results of 3 studies suggest that when an ambiguous product is described in terms of conflicting conceptual and perceptual category cues, a single category inference strategy is employed when the perceptually cued category is more familiar than the conceptually cued category. In particular, inferences are based largely on the perceptually cued category under these circumstances. However, when the perceptually cued category is less than or equal to the conceptually cued category in familiarity, a multiple category inference strategy is employed and inferences are based on both the perceptually and conceptually cued categories.     

4～6年级小学生学习动机的结构分析

采用探索性因素分析方法,对4～6年级小学生的学习动机结构进行了分析。研究结果表明：(1)小学生学习动机包括回报动机、求知动机、交往趋利动机、利他动机、学业成就动机、生存动机、实用动机七类。(2)男生在交往趋利动机、生存动机、实用动机上动机强度高于女生,重点和非重点小学学生在七种学习动机上差异不显著。(3)四、五年级小学生的学习动机结构差别不大,六年级小学生开始形成具有长远社会意义的自我实现动机。     

小学生预见性偏差及其削弱

采用三种不同去偏差方法,对不同年龄儿童的预见性偏差及削弱进行探讨。实验结果发现,二年级和三年级出现了预见性偏差,五年级没有出现预见性偏差;对于二年级儿童,只有基于理论的去偏差方法才能削弱预见性偏差。而三年级儿童,三种方法都能削弱预见性偏差。结果说明帮助他们建立正确的元认知理论可以有效提高他们元认知监测水平。     

Prenatal cocaine exposure and infant cognition

The present study examined the relationship of prenatal cocaine exposure to infant information processing in the first year of life.In a prospective, longitudinal study of 177 cocaine-exposed and 175 non-exposed infants, the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence (FTII) was used to measure attention, visual recognition memory and information processing speed at 6.5 and 12 months of age. Groups were compared over time using mixed linear model analyses.Prenatal cocaine exposure predicted poorer visual recognition memory at 12 months, with exposed infants obtaining lower mean scores and a higher percentage of scores in the risk range. Across exposure groups, information processing speed increased with age, demonstrating a developmental effect. Tobacco and marijuana exposures were related to faster looking times, which did not relate to visual recognition memory.Cognitive deficits and attentional problems noted in prior studies of cocaine-exposed children at later ages may be detectable in infancy.     

产后抑郁症相关因素及防治

产后抑郁症是产妇常见的心理行为异常,严重危害产妇的身心健康,其病因复杂.用系统论方法分析产后抑郁症相关因素,论述产后抑郁症发生是由多方面因素引起,而各因素之间是相互制约、相互作用的.因此,防治产后抑郁症应从整体考虑,多种方法综合应用,以期达到最佳防治效果.     

论"苦-乐","丑-美"的道教美感转化论在明清文学作品中的体现

明清时期,道教的审美思想通过大量的文学作品宣传,进一步渗透于社会文化生活之中.道教的美学观念与许多文学艺术形式相结合,由此得到具体化、形象化的艺术表达."苦-乐"的道教美感转化论通过戏剧、小说、诗歌等文学艺术形式否定了功名、事业、家庭等传统的价值观念,体现出人应超越浮生,及早修行,获真成仙才是人生之大美大乐的道教审美思想.丑-美的道教美感转化思想在明清文学小说作品中也转化为一种独特的文艺美学判断-"德"的美(道之美)才是更高的、真正的美.     

Temporal discounting of rewards in patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia

Patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ) often show decision-making deficits in everyday circumstances. A failure to appropriately weigh immediate versus future consequences of choices may contribute to these deficits. We used the delay discounting task in individuals with BD or SZ to investigate their temporal decision making. Twenty-two individuals with BD, 21 individuals with SZ, and 30 healthy individuals completed the delay discounting task along with neuropsychological measures of working memory and cognitive function. Both BD and SZ groups discounted delayed rewards more steeply than did the healthy group even after controlling for current substance use, age, gender, and employment. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that discounting rate was associated with both diagnostic group and working memory or intelligence scores. In each group, working memory or intelligence scores negatively correlated with discounting rate. The results suggest that (a) both BD and SZ groups value smaller, immediate rewards more than larger, delayed rewards compared with the healthy group and (b) working memory or intelligence is related to temporal decision making in individuals with BD or SZ as well as in healthy individuals.