股骨头坏死治疗方案的比较及选择

股骨头坏死是骨科领域常见且难治性疾病,其治疗方式多种多样,目前尚无一种方法能治愈不同类型、不同分期的FHN。本文依据比较治疗学原理,通过比较股骨头坏死常用的各类治疗方法,得出对于不同的患者,应综合考虑患者的年龄、病情、预期寿命、活动量的大小、及经济条件等多种因素,制定最有效、最适宜患者个体的治疗方案。     

Analysis of RT distributions in the remember—know paradigm

Do remembering and knowing differ qualitatively (reflecting distinct underlying processes) or quantitatively (reflecting different levels of strength)? Broadly speaking, models of remember—know judgments based on these alternatives have been tested by examining the proportion of remember and know responses that are made across conditions or levels of confidence. Here, we consider reaction time (RT) data. We replicate Dewhurst and Conway’s (1994) observation that old judgments followed by remember responses are faster, on average, than those followed by know decisions, but show that this effect is largely due to differing distributions of remember and know responses across confidence levels. In addition, fits of ex-Gaussian distributions of hit RTs followed by either remember or know judgments yield similar parameter values when confidence level is controlled. Thus, these RT data do not provide strong support for the idea that remembering and knowing depend on different processes.     

委托代理关系与企业道德风险

企业有所权与经营权的分离引发了委托代理关系,而道德风险是委托代理关系的必然产物;在委托代理关系中产生道德风险的原因在于代理人的利己性和委托人与代理人之间的信息的不对称性的同时存在;在企业委托代理关系中,所有者(雇主、股东、董事或政府等)、经理人和员工是其基本的链条,股东与经理、经理与员工都可以归结为委托人与代理人的关系,由此,企业道德风险存在于所有者、经理人和员工三个层面;规避企业道德风险既要从经济人的假设出发,探寻良好的激励约束机制,更要从社会人的事实出发,诉诸于企业人员的职业化和企业的职业化管理.     

Identifying two potential mechanisms for changes in alcohol use among college-attending and non-college-attending emerging adults

This study tested whether pro-alcohol peer influences and prosocial involvement account for increases in drinking during the transition into emerging adulthood and whether these mechanisms differ depending on college attendance and/or moving away from home. The authors used structural equation modeling of prospective data from 825 young men and women. For 4 groups defined by college and residential status, more drinking in the spring of 12th grade predicted more pro-alcohol peer influences the following fall, and more pro-alcohol peer influences in the fall predicted increases in drinking the following spring. Going to college while living at home was a protective factor against increases in drinking and selection of pro-alcohol peer involvements. Prosocial involvement (measured by involvement in religious activities and volunteer work) was not significantly related to post-high school drinking except among college students living away from home. Prevention efforts should focus on (a) reducing opportunities for heavy drinking for college and noncollege emerging adults as they leave home and (b) increasing prosocial involvement among college students not living at home.     

出声阅读和默读之间的差异

阅读有两种基本模式：默读和出声阅读。文章从三个方面总结了两种阅读模式差异的研究成果：(1)不同阅读模式下阅读的行为差异; (2)不同阅读模式下阅读的认知机制差异; (3)不同阅读模式下阅读的脑机制差异。在此基础上, 文章提出了未来研究需要解决的问题：(1)出声阅读向默读转变的具体阶段; (2)两种阅读模式发展过程中眼动行为的差异; (3)语音和背景音乐对两种阅读模式下阅读的影响; (4)两种阅读模式下儿童的脑机制差异等。     

思与真--论弗雷格的"思想"概念

本文从对《思想》的解读入手,对弗雷格关于思想与真的关系和思想的存在性质的基本观点作了批判性的分析。本文认为在这些观点中存在着一个结构性的问题,进而展示了这个问题的概念背景。     

How much was your shopping basket? Working memory processes in total basket price estimation

Although much attention has been paid to recall of a single price, research is lacking in understanding the process of how consumers estimate the total price of a shopping basket. Drawing on research on numeric cognition, memory processes, and mental accounting, we show in five studies that the accuracy of total price estimation as well as the timing of such estimation is systematically influenced by several factors. We find that the length (in syllables) of the prices in the basket and the attention that consumers pay to the prices influence the accuracy of the calculation of the total basket price. Furthermore, our studies also show that the timing of the calculation is influenced by the nature of the items in the basket (i.e., unrelated vs. complementary items).     

Causal learning about tolerance and sensitization

We introduce two abstract, causal schemata used during causal learning. (1) Tolerance is when an effect diminishes over time, as an entity is repeatedly exposed to the cause (e.g., a person becoming tolerant to caffeine). (2) Sensitization is when an effect intensifies over time, as an entity is repeatedly exposed to the cause (e.g., an antidepressant becoming more effective through repeated use). In Experiment 1, participants observed either of these cause—effect data patterns unfolding over time and exhibiting the tolerance or sensitization schemata. Participants inferred stronger causal efficacy and made more confident and more extreme predictions about novel cases than in a condition with the same data appearing in a random order over time. In Experiment 2, the same tolerance/sensitization scenarios occurred either within one entity or across many entities. In the manyentity conditions, when the schemata were violated, participants made much weaker inferences. Implications for causal learning are discussed.     

心理治疗的消极后果

心理治疗消极后果是指由于心理治疗本身直接导致的来访者病情恶化。消极后果表现形式多样,对其测量应全面而仔细确证。消极后果的影响因素众多,包括来访者中有人格病理诊断、人际功能障碍、他评病情严重、对治疗期望不正确和动机低下;治疗师缺乏共情、对来访者出现负性反移情、低估来访者病情和错误使用治疗技术;潜在有害疗法。对其预防包括治疗前对治疗师和疗法进行规范和治疗中采用聚焦来访者的研究减少消极后果发生率。最后提出目前研究中存在测量、研究单位选择和伦理等难题,未来研究应全面呈现研究数据、采用RCT研究确定消极后果发生率、用交互作用研究模式寻找消极后果影响因素以及对中介变量的研究探询消极后果发生机制。     

The joint influence of mood and a cognitively demanding task on risk-taking

This study investigates a mood regulation-based reconciliation of prior findings in the mood maintenance and information processes literatures about the impact of negative mood state on risktaking judgment. Participants were administered a negative mood state induction using a standardized film clip procedure and subsequently completed a measure of risk-taking judgment under one of three conditions: (1) immediately following the mood induction, (2) following a 5 min no-task delay period, or (3) following performance of a cognitively demanding task. As expected, participants who made risk judgments after the performance of the cognitively demanding task showed higher level of recovery from the negative mood induction (i.e., increased positive mood and decreased negative mood) and lower levels of risk-taking judgment than participants in the delayed condition. Additional analyses showed the risk-taking judgments were explained by mood change after the interpolated task. These findings reconcile previous inconsistencies between the two perspectives. Implications for future research on the restorative role of cognitive task performance as a mood regulation strategy are discussed.