大承气汤对危重症患者胃肠功能影响的研究进展

危重症患者胃肠功能障碍的发生率及多器官功能障碍的病死率居高不下,但现阶段仍没有防治多器官功能障碍的特效药。随着对胃肠功能在多脏器功能障碍发病过程中重要性认识的逐步深入,危重症患者的胃肠功能障碍问题亦更加受到重视。因此,如何防治危重症患者的胃肠功能障碍就成为防治多器官功能障碍的焦点问题。近年来,应用中药方剂大承气汤防治危重症患者胃肠及多脏器功能障碍已获得了一定的疗效,本文就大承气汤对危重症患者胃肠功能影响的研究进展做一综述。     

The usefulness of the story recall test in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease

ABSTRACT

Background: The story recall test (SRT) is one of the most reliable neuropsychological assessments for evaluating verbal memory function in order to distinguish between individuals with normal aging, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The SRT is analogous to the logical memory test in Wechsler Memory Scale-III, which has recently been developed and standardized to apply to older adults in Korea. The purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of the SRT and its ability to discriminate between normal cognitive aging and patients with MCI or AD. Methods: One hundred and twelve patients with MCI, 97 patients with AD, and 53 healthy elderly adults participated in this study. The SRT was compared with the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), Global Deterioration Scale (GDS), Korean version of the Mini Mental State Examination (K-MMSE), and the Korean version of the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (K-HVLT). Results: The SRT was well-correlated with the dementia rating scales and the K-HVLT. However, the sensitivity and specificity of the SRT was greatly influenced by the level of education of the subjects. Conclusions: The SRT is a sensitive measurement of verbal memory function that can be used in clinical settings to discriminate between normal memory functioning and the very early and moderate stages of AD in a Korean population. Moreover, it is important to recognize that the SRT is more appropriate for subjects with a high level of education rather than a low level of education to differentiate normal cognitive aging from MCI or AD.     

人体挑战试验的伦理治理探究

人体挑战试验有助于开发或测试针对传染病的疫苗,同时也引发了重要的伦理问题：故意感染健康参与者是否可以被接受,参与者承受较高的风险和负担并可能造成第三方的风险,如何取得参与者的知情同意,付款与不当引诱引发的伦理问题。针对人体挑战试验,全球已进行相关的伦理治理,并通过制定相关指南来规范人体挑战试验。围绕试验之前应注意的问题、政府层面应制定和完善科学的治理政策、建立评估体系与预防系统和研究机构应负的伦理责任四个方面初步为人体挑战试验的治理体系提供建议。

     

心理治疗的消极后果

心理治疗消极后果是指由于心理治疗本身直接导致的来访者病情恶化。消极后果表现形式多样,对其测量应全面而仔细确证。消极后果的影响因素众多,包括来访者中有人格病理诊断、人际功能障碍、他评病情严重、对治疗期望不正确和动机低下;治疗师缺乏共情、对来访者出现负性反移情、低估来访者病情和错误使用治疗技术;潜在有害疗法。对其预防包括治疗前对治疗师和疗法进行规范和治疗中采用聚焦来访者的研究减少消极后果发生率。最后提出目前研究中存在测量、研究单位选择和伦理等难题,未来研究应全面呈现研究数据、采用RCT研究确定消极后果发生率、用交互作用研究模式寻找消极后果影响因素以及对中介变量的研究探询消极后果发生机制。     

The joint influence of mood and a cognitively demanding task on risk-taking

This study investigates a mood regulation-based reconciliation of prior findings in the mood maintenance and information processes literatures about the impact of negative mood state on risktaking judgment. Participants were administered a negative mood state induction using a standardized film clip procedure and subsequently completed a measure of risk-taking judgment under one of three conditions: (1) immediately following the mood induction, (2) following a 5 min no-task delay period, or (3) following performance of a cognitively demanding task. As expected, participants who made risk judgments after the performance of the cognitively demanding task showed higher level of recovery from the negative mood induction (i.e., increased positive mood and decreased negative mood) and lower levels of risk-taking judgment than participants in the delayed condition. Additional analyses showed the risk-taking judgments were explained by mood change after the interpolated task. These findings reconcile previous inconsistencies between the two perspectives. Implications for future research on the restorative role of cognitive task performance as a mood regulation strategy are discussed.     

2~5年级小学生汉字识别中预视效应的发展研究

在阅读时,读者可以获取副中央凹处的词汇信息,副中央凹加工是构成流畅阅读的重要因素。本研究从儿童语言发展的角度,通过3个实验（共534名被试）,考察了汉语视觉字词加工中2~5年级学生的字形、语音、语义预视效应。结果发现：（1）2~5年级小学生均有字形预视效应;（2）2、3年级学生没有语音预视效应,4、5年级学生有此效应;（3）2年级学生没有语义预视效应,3、4、5年级学生有此效应。这表明,低水平的视觉信息—字形信息在儿童副中央凹加工中一直稳定地发挥作用;高水平的语言信息—语音和语义信息,随着儿童年级的升高和阅读技能的提升,逐渐地在儿童的副中央凹加工中发挥作用。儿童对汉字各类型信息的获取与使用的发展模式不同于拼音文字阅读发展理论的预测。     

拼音在方言儿童字词学习中的作用

本研究比较了以普通话与以方言为口语的儿童在根据拼音来学习生词或再认熟词时的成绩。研究结果发现 ,与普通话组相比 ,拼音对方言组儿童学习字词的积极作用在帮助他们再认已学过的词时最大。由于方言的影响 ,除了再认已学过的词汇外 ,拼音对方言儿童的积极作用明显不如学普通话的儿童。而对于普通话组来说 ,拼音更能够帮助儿童学习口语中熟悉的生词 ,而且对由一个生字组成的概念熟悉的词的积极影响大于由两个生字组成的概念熟悉的词。     

Culture-specific patterns in the prediction of life satisfaction: roles of emotion, relationship quality, and self-esteem

This study was conducted to explore the culture-specific roles of emotion, relationship quality, and self-esteem in determining life satisfaction. It was hypothesized that maintaining good interpersonal relationships would make individuals in collectivistic cultures not only feel good about their lives but also feel better about themselves. Furthermore, two emotion variables--emotional expression and emotion differentiation--were proposed as possible determinants of relationship quality. It was hypothesized that emotional expressiveness would be more important for maintaining good interpersonal relationships in individualistic societies but emotion differentiation would be more important in collectivistic cultures. These hypotheses were tested with Euro-American, Asian American, Korean, and Chinese groups using multigroup analyses in a structural equation model. Results supported all proposed hypotheses and indicated that emotion differentiation contributes to maintaining good interpersonal relationships in collectivistic cultures, which contributes to self-esteem and satisfaction with life.     

The Specific Role of cGMP in Hippocampal LTP

Previous results have suggested that cGMP is involved in hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), perhaps as the presynaptic effector of a retrograde messenger. However, other studies have failed to replicate some of those results, making the role of cGMP uncertain. We therefore reexamined this question and identified several variables that can affect the contribution of cGMP. First, brief perfusion with 8-Br–cGMP before weak tetanic stimulation produced long-lasting potentiation in the CA1 region of hippocampal slices, but more prolonged perfusion with 8-Br–cGMP before the tetanus did not produce long-lasting potentiation. Second, the activity-dependent long-lasting potentiation by cGMP analogs was reduced when NMDA receptors were completely blocked, indicating that NMDA receptor activation contributes to, but is not required for, the potentiation. The amount of reduction of the potentiation differed with different protocols, and in some cases could be complete. Third, LTP produced by strong tetanic stimulation in the stratum radiatum of CA1 (which expresses eNOS) was blocked by inhibitors of soluble guanylyl cyclase or cGMP-dependent protein kinase, but LTP in the stratum oriens (which does not express eNOS) was not. The results of these experiments should help to explain some of the discrepant findings from previous studies, and, in addition, may provide insights into the mechanisms and functional role of the cGMP-dependent component of LTP.