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21.
The separation between stimuli was manipulated in a same-different matching task. In Experiment 1, stimuli were upright Ts and/or Ls, whereas in Experiment 2, they were rotated Ts and/or Ls. In both experiments, mean reaction time (RT) for the same-different judgment did not increase as a function of interletter separation, suggesting either that the time needed to relocate attention was independent of distance, or that the stimuli were processed in parallel. These alternatives were tested in a third experiment, with a diagnostic for parallel processing proposed by Egeth and Dagenbach (1991). The diagnostic indicated that the rotated Ts and Ls in Experiment 2 were processed serially. If serial processing implies the utilization of attention, then the results of Experiment 2 suggest that relocation of attention is time-invariant with respect to distance. 相似文献
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Soo-Min Kwak Duk L Na Gho Kim Gye Seok Kim Jang-Han Lee 《Cyberpsychology & behavior》2007,10(2):299-304
Smokers have attentional biases towards smoking-related cues, and such cues elicit cravings. Smokers also feel anxious during nicotine deprivation, and anxiety may exacerbate attentional biases toward aversive cues. We examined the attentional bias of smokers (n = 14) and a control group of nonsmokers (n = 16) towards smoking-related and aversive cues. Using an eye-tracking device, we measured eye movement when smoking-related, aversive, and control cues were presented simultaneously. We analyzed the number of initial fixations, and gaze duration, to identify the attentional bias. Smokers initially fixed their gaze on aversive cues, and maintained their gaze longer on smoking-related cues, in comparison to the control group. These results suggest that smokers show biased attentional orientation to smoking-related and aversive cues. 相似文献
23.
The identical elements (IE) model (Rickard, Healy, & Bourne, Learning, Memory, and Cognition 32:734–748, 1994) of fact representation predicts that, in both verbal and numerical domains, performance gains with retrieval practice on
multielement items will be specific to the practiced stimulus–response combinations, failing to transfer even to altered stimulus–response
mappings of practiced items. In the case of arithmetic, the model predicts no transfer across either complementary operations
(e.g., 4 × 7 to 28 / 4) or complementary division or subtraction problems (e.g., 28 / 4 to 28 / 7). Although that model has
successfully described transfer effects in the domains of multiplication–division and episodic cued recall, it is challenged
by a recent demonstration of positive cross-operation transfer for addition and subtraction (Campbell & Agnew, Psychonomic
Bulletin & Review 16:938–944, 2009). We report results of a new addition–subtraction transfer experiment, the design of which closely matched that of a prior
multiplication–division experiment that supported the model. The transfer results were consistent with the IE model. A two-component
model of memory retrieval practice effects is proposed to account for the discrepant experimental results for addition and
subtraction and to guide future work. 相似文献
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