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481.
Michael A. Olson Russell H. Fazio H. Anna Han 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2009,3(2):152-170
We recently introduced the term ‘extrapersonal associations’ and defined them as information that is available in memory but that does not contribute to one's attitudes toward a given object ( Olson & Fazio, 2004 ). Here, we review our conceptualization of the term, contrast it to our conceptualization of attitudes as personal associations, and briefly summarize evidence that the Implicit Association Test, as it is traditionally employed, is influenced by extrapersonal associations. We discuss recent critiques of the concept and in so doing, elaborate upon the essence of the personal versus extrapersonal distinction. We conclude with speculations on the nature of extrapersonal associations, their origins, and relationship to attitudes. 相似文献
482.
Although it is well documented that cultures influence basic cognitive processes such as attention, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We tested the hypothesis that self-concepts that characterize people from different cultures mediate the variation of visual attention. After being primed with self-construals that emphasize the Eastern interdependent self or the Western independent self, Chinese participants were asked to discriminate a central target letter flanked by compatible or incompatible stimuli (Experiment 1) or global/local letters in a compound stimulus (Experiment 2). Experiment 1 showed that, while responses were slower to the incompatible than to the compatible stimuli, this flanker compatibility effect was increased by the interdependent relative to the independent self-construal priming. Experiment 2 showed that the interdependent-self priming resulted in faster responses to the global than to the local targets in compound letters whereas a reverse pattern was observed in the independent-self priming condition. The results provide evidence for dynamics of the scope of visual attention as a function of self-construal priming that switches self-concept toward the interdependent or independent styles in Chinese. 相似文献
483.
The aim of this research was to investigate the potential impacts of task demand and stimulus salience on the stimulus-driven attentional capture effect. The participants performed an inefficient visual search task while an irrelevant luminance singleton was present. In Experiment 1, the task demand was manipulated while the stimulus salience of the irrelevant singleton was fixed. With the same salient singleton, the attentional capture effect was observed in the low-difficulty condition but disappeared in the high-difficulty condition. In Experiment 2, the stimulus salience was manipulated while the task demand was fixed. With the same task, the highly salient singleton captured attention, whereas the relatively lowly salient singleton could not. In Experiment 3, both task demand and stimulus salience were manipulated simultaneously. The stimulus-driven attentional capture effect by the irrelevant singleton increased not only as the task demand decreased but also as the stimulus salience increased. The present study might provide a way to reconcile conflicting findings in the attentional capture literature; the underlying neural mechanism is discussed. 2009 The Psychonomic Society, Inc. 相似文献
484.
宗密将禅宗撮略要旨、顿悟本心的思维方式带入了华严宗,同时又将禅宗置于层层升进、圆融会通于高明之境的华严宗判教的审视之下。宗密判禅宗各派为禅三宗,一代佛教为教三种,以禅配教,将禅宗各派纳入了华严判教的考察范围。宗密认为,空宗与性宗具有十个方面的差异。无论是禅三宗,还是教三种,都有顿有渐,顿、渐既可以就佛的经教言论而论,也可以根据众生的具体修行来说。宗密认定北宗、牛头、洪州等宗为"傍出",而自己承嗣的荷泽宗为禅门正传。他同时继承华严教理和南宗禅法,成为华严教理与禅门宗旨相互融通的桥梁。 相似文献
485.
While organ transplantation has been established in the medical imagination since the 1960s, this technology is currently undergoing a popular re-imagination in the era of global capitalism. As transplantation procedures have become routine in medical centers in non-Western and developing nations and as organ sales and transplant tourism become increasingly common, organs that function as a material resource increasingly derive from subaltern bodies. This essay explores this development as represented in Korean filmmaker Park Chan-wook's 2002 Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance, focusing on the ethnic and class characteristics of the global market in organs and possible modes of counter-logic to transplant technologies and related ethical discourses. 相似文献
486.
This article presents the Appraisal‐Tendency Framework (ATF; Lerner & Keltner, 2000, 2001; Lerner & Tiedens, 2006) as a basis for predicting the influence of specific emotions on consumer decision making. In particular, the ATF addresses how and why specific emotions carry over from past situations to color future judgments and choices. After reviewing the main assumptions and the 5 main principles of the framework, 2 streams of research are presented. One stream addresses emotional carryover effects on the assessment of risk; the other addresses carryover effects on the assessment of monetary value. Because risk assessment and value assessment are fundamental psychological processes, understanding them has the potential to yield manifold implications for consumer judgment and decision making. The concluding sections highlight limitations and future directions of the framework. 相似文献
487.
The EZ-diffusion model for two-choice response time tasks takes mean response time, the variance of response time, and response
accuracy as inputs. The model transforms these data via three simple equations to produce unique values for the quality of
information, response conservativeness, and nondecision time. This transformation of observed data in terms of unobserved
variables addresses the speed—accuracy trade-off and allows an unambiguous quantification of performance differences in two-choice
response time tasks. The EZ-diffusion model can be applied to data-sparse situations to facilitate individual subject analysis.
We studied the performance of the EZ-diffusion model in terms of parameter recovery and robustness against misspecification
by using Monte Carlo simulations. The EZ model was also applied to a real-world data set. 相似文献
488.
489.
通过对29所高中阶段学校763名教师的问卷调查,主要研究了教师应对效能和工作压力对教师职业枯竭的预测作用。分析结果表明:(1)应对效能对教师的职业枯竭具有显著的预测作用,自信程度、胜任力对情绪衰竭、非人性化和认知枯竭的预测作用显著,胜任力和认知水平对个人成就感有显著的预测作用;(2)工作压力对教师的职业枯竭具有显著的预测作用,导致教师职业枯竭的工作压力因素有:领导与管理、工作负荷、考试升学因素、人际关系;(3)通过对工作压力和应对效能的联合考察能够更好地预测教师的职业枯竭。 相似文献
490.
广泛性焦虑障碍(GAD)是一种以担忧为核心心理特征的,并伴有机体紧张等躯体症状的焦虑障碍。Wells的元认知模型通过探讨GAD患者的病态性担忧的形成、运作和循环,提出了GAD患者存在两种担忧的假设——Ⅰ型担忧和Ⅱ型担忧(元担忧),并认为元担忧是导致患者的弥漫的、持续的以及难以控制的担忧的核心因素。由该模型发展起来的元认知疗法在治疗GAD过程中体现出有效的作用。 相似文献