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71.
John Searle and Susanna Siegel have argued that cases of aspect-switching show that visual experience represents a richer range of properties than colours, shapes, positions and sizes. I respond that cases of aspect-switching can be explained without holding that visual experience represents rich properties. I also argue that even if Searle and Siegel are right, and aspect-switching does require visual experience to represent rich properties, there is reason to think those properties do not include natural-kind properties, such as being a tomato. 相似文献
72.
Older adults are often stereotyped as dependent on others. This study explored how seeing an older adult receiving help triggers the dependency stereotype, by examining perceptions of older and younger adults helping and being helped by others. Participants (183 younger and older adults) read vignettes of young and old people helping others and rated the helpers and helpees on 2 variables: one a composite of dependency and capability; and the other composed of thoughtfulness, generosity, and unselfishness (i.e., considerateness). Participants rated older helpees as dependent, no matter who helped them. Younger helpers and those who helped the elderly rated high on considerateness. Females rated helpers more positively than did males. Implications of these findings for older adults are discussed. 相似文献
73.
Detection of angry, happy and sad faces among neutral backgrounds was investigated in three single emotion tasks and an emotion
comparison task using schematic (Experiment 1) and photographic faces (Experiment 2). Both experiments provided evidence for
the preferential detection of anger displays over displays of other negative or positive emotions in tasks that employed all
three target emotions. Evidence for preferential detection of negative emotion in general was found only with schematic faces.
The present results are consistent with the notion that the detection of displays of anger, and to some extent sadness, does
not reflect on a pre-attentive mechanism, but is the result of a more efficient visual search than is the detection of positive
emotion. 相似文献
74.
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has a long history of supporting research to enhance the scientific understanding
of and effective interventions for a range of problems associated with children’s exposure to violence. Recently, funded research
has improved our understanding of the nature and consequences of children’s exposure to violence. This article describes an
NIH initiative for research on children’s exposure to violence, examples of projects supported by the initiative, and emerging
research topics for this important scientific area.
相似文献
LeShawndra N. PriceEmail: |
75.
Mark C. Price 《Cognitive processing》2009,10(Z2):276-278
76.
Jessica Woodhams Tim D. Grant Andrew R. G. Price 《Journal of Investigative Psychology & Offender Profiling》2007,4(1):17-27
Jaccard has been the choice similarity metric in ecology and forensic psychology for comparison of sites or offences, by species or behaviour. This paper applies a more powerful hierarchical measure—taxonomic similarity (Δs), recently developed in marine ecology—to the task of behaviourally linking serial crime. Forensic case linkage attempts to identify behaviourally similar offences committed by the same unknown perpetrator (called linked offences). Δs considers progressively higher‐level taxa, such that two sites show some similarity even without shared species. We apply this index by analysing 55 specific offence behaviours classified hierarchically. The behaviours are taken from 16 sexual offences by seven juveniles where each offender committed two or more offences. We demonstrate that both Jaccard and Δs show linked offences to be significantly more similar than unlinked offences. With up to 20% of the specific behaviours removed in simulations, Δs is equally or more effective at distinguishing linked offences than where Jaccard uses a full data set. Moreover, Δs retains significant difference between linked and unlinked pairs, with up to 50% of the specific behaviours removed. As police decision‐making often depends upon incomplete data, Δs has clear advantages and its application may extend to other crime types. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
77.
Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded while participants read and made acceptability judgments about sentences containing three types of adjective sequences: (1) normal sequences--e.g., Jennifer rode a huge gray elephant; (2) reversed sequences that violate grammatical-semantic constraints on linear order--e.g., *Jennifer rode a gray huge elephant; and (3) contradictory sequences that violate lexical-semantic constraints on compositionality--e.g., *Jennifer rode a small huge elephant. Relative to the control condition, the second adjective elicited a reduced N400 and an enhanced P600 in both the reversal condition and the contradiction condition. We present several alternative accounts of these two effects, but favor an interpretation which treats them as reflecting semantic and syntactic aspects of a temporary reanalysis of the adjective order construction. Furthermore, relative to the control condition, the final noun elicited a robust N400 in the contradiction condition but not in the reversal condition. We suggest that this effect indexes the full registration of the lexical-semantic incompatibility of the two adjectives in the contradiction condition. Finally, we discuss how all of these findings fit into the broader context of recent ERP studies that have reported atypical N400s and robust P600s in response to certain types of semantic anomalies. 相似文献
78.
Paul P. Brooke Jr James L. Price 《Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology》1989,62(1):1-19
LISREL estimates of the parameters of a causal model of absenteeism are reported for a sample of 425 full-time employees of a 327-bed medical centre. The model modifies and extends the conceptual framework of Steers & Rhodes (1978) and includes routinization, centralization, pay, distributive justice, work involvement, role ambiguity, conflict and overload, kinship responsibility, organizational permissiveness, job satisfaction, job involvement, organizational commitment, health status and alcohol involvement as the determinants of absenteeism. Based on self-report measures of absence frequency, significant positive direct effects of kinship responsibility, organizational permissiveness, role ambiguity and alcohol involvement, and negative direct effects of centralization, pay and job satisfaction yielded an R2 for absenteeism of 21.6. Job satisfaction completely mediated the effects of routinization and work involvement, and partially mediated the effects of centralization and role ambiguity. 相似文献
79.
Carolyn Price 《Ratio》1995,8(2):143-160
In this paper, I try to develop an account of functions which might be of use to a biologist engaged in classifying and explaining natural phenomena. The most pressing difficulty facing such an account is the need to reconcile the normativity of function statements with their explanatory force. I consider two familiar accounts of function statements, offered by Andrew Woodfield (an ‘Actual Capacity Theorist’) and Larry Wright (a ‘Historical Theorist’). I examine both accounts in search of the strongest possible formulation of each type of theory. I fail to find a formulation of the ACT which is completely immune from counterexamples, but I do find a satisfactory formulation of the HT. In particular, I argue that the HT should incorporate a point central to the ACT that functions involve a means/end relationship between two devices. I then consider functional explanations: I argue that an ACT which holds that function statements are intrinsically explanatory cannot offer a satisfactory account. The account offered by Woodfield, who rejects this assumption, is adequate, though less attractive than the account suggested by the HT. I conclude by considering how the HT can account for functional norms. 相似文献
80.
Amiram D. Vinokur Richard H. Price Yaacov Schul 《American journal of community psychology》1995,23(1):39-74
Reports the results of the JOBS II randomized field experiment that included a sample of 1,801 recent job losers, 671 of which
participated in a modified version of the JOBS I intervention for unemployed workers (Caplan, Vinokur, Price, & van Ryn, 1989).
The intervention focused on enhancing the sense of mastery through the acquisition of job-search and problem-solving skills,
and on inoculation against setbacks. JOBS II was intended to prevent poor mental health and to promote high quality reemployment.
The study tested whether the efficacy of the intervention could be increased by screening and oversampling respondents who
were at higher risk for a significant increase in depressive symptoms. Results demonstrated that the intervention primarily
benefited the reemployment and mental health outcomes of the high-risk respondents. This suggests the feasibility of enhancing
the efficacy of this preventive intervention by targeting, it for high-risk unemployed workers who could be identified prospectively.
This research was supported by National Institute of Mental Health Grant No. P50MH38330 to the Michigan Prevention Research
Center (Richard H. Price, Principal Investigator). 相似文献