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61.
    
The present study employed a behavioural detection approach to investigate the combined effects of sample duration and sample presentation frequency on delayed matching accuracy of pigeons. Experiment 1 showed that when both samples were exposed at each of the two possible durations within a two-alternative, delayed matching session, discriminability was higher to the longer duration sample than to the short-duration sample, as found when sample duration is varied between sessions. Experiment 2's asymmetrical procedure increased bias toward the more frequent of the two samples but had no influence on discriminability. Initial discriminability was higher to samples exposed for longer durations, irrespective of stimulus presentation frequency. The results suggest qualitatively different effects of the two sources of stimulus control under consideration: Sample duration (a local or within-trial manipulation) exerted its effect on discrimination of the stimuli, whereas sample presentation frequence (a global factor) exerted its major effect on response bias. An interpretation of the data in terms of Blough's (1996) analysis of errors in matching tasks suggests that the amount of behaviour under control of the sample stimulus markedly changed with different sample durations. The analysis also showed that the biasing manipulation exerted most of its effect on the portion of behaviour outside of control by the critical stimulus. We argue that theoretical accounts of delayed matching performance need to consider both local and global factors as determinants of matching accuracy.  相似文献   
62.
    
In the negotiation literature, relatively little attention has been paid to the impact of negotiator goals and expectancy disconfirmations on negotiator behaviors and affective outcomes. We found that negotiators with larger negative expectancy disconfirmations were less satisfied; set lower targets for a subsequent negotiation; and were more likely to settle with the other party in the second negotiation, rather than requiring third-party imposition of a settlement. Those negotiators who settled had more positive feelings and perceptions about the negotiation and set higher targets for a third negotiation. Further, negotiators who experienced repeated high levels of negative expectancy disconfirmation also experienced the greatest decrements in their feelings and perceptions across negotiation episodes. Implications of study findings for future research are discussed.  相似文献   
63.
    
This study examined the commonalities and the differences between creativity and the schizophrenia spectrum. The variables measured were creativity, schizotypy, absorption, mystical experiences, spatial ability, balance, positive and negative presence, and neuroticism. Three community groups were recruited: 31 artists, 10 people with schizophrenia, and 31 comparisons matched for gender and age with the artists. A larger student group, consisting of 102 students, was also recruited to examine the correlations among the same variables within a larger, more normative, group. The largest commonality between the artist and the schizophrenic groups was the propensity to mystical experiences. The greatest differences between them were that the artists were higher in creativity, had better spatial ability, had better balance, had more positive states of presence, and were lower in neuroticism. In the student group, creativity was positively correlated with positive schizotypy, impulsive nonconformity, spatial ability, positive presence, absorption, and mystical experiences, although in the student group, the relation between creativity and mystical experiences was completely mediated by absorption.  相似文献   
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In a recent episode of the TV series Star Trek: The Next Generation, Captain Jean-Luc Picard and the crew of the starship Enterprise land surreptitiously on a distant planet. When they are discovered by the humanoid inhabitants, who have webbed feet and toes and a raised ridge on their foreheads, the human invaders explain that their mission is to assist planetary cultures like theirs when they are ready to begin space travel.  相似文献   
66.
A study was conducted to identify codes of nonverbal behavior which could be used by interviewers in a standard field interview to systematically assess deception and emotional states of respondents. Ten male and 10 female subjects were interviewed on topics that had been pretested to arouse in them pleasant involvement, passivity, and unpleasant involvement. Subjects were also instructed to lie to the interviewer on issues of importance to them. Eye contact was measured by observation through a one-way mirror. Smiles, gestures, self-manipulations and postural shifts were scored from videotapes of the interview. The most distinctive patterns of nonverbal cues occurred with unpleasant-involvement and deception questions. The former state was characterized by increases in smiling, self-manipulations, and postural shifts. Deception responses were marked by decreases in smiling and increases in self-manipulations and postural shifts. Results also suggested that eye contact functioned as an intensifier of affect.  相似文献   
67.
Experiments were conducted to establish training procedures and testing conditions that produce uniform and reliable swimming performance of rats in an automated swim alley. Data are given on the effect of water temperature and of platform rest interval on swimming speeds. In this system, rats will swim intermittently for as long as 24 h for a distance of more than 7 km.  相似文献   
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69.
In many tasks people have to coordinate the information from several sources. An example would be driving a car while listening to directions. The driver has to establish a correspondence between a visual picture and verbal instructions. This paper addresses two questions concerning information coordination. Is there an ability to coordinate information received from several sources that is different from the ability to deal with information from each source, alone? Does coordination simply involve allocating resources to deal with the component tasks, or does the act of coordination itself constitute a separate task? Four experiments examined the coordination of a verbal component task with a visual-spatial and with an auditory component task. The results showed that the ability to coordinate perceptual and verbal information is separate from the ability to deal with either perceptual or verbal information, alone. A simple resource sharing model was not adequate in explaining how coordination occurred. We relate our results to a model in which perceptual reasoning occurs independently of verbal processing, but transforming perceptual information into a propositional form is affected by concurrent verbal processing.  相似文献   
70.
Predicting traumatic stress using emotional intelligence   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
The study investigated whether emotional intelligence (EI) can predict how individuals respond to traumatic experiences. A random sample of 414 participants (181 male, 233 female) were administered a measure of EI along with the Impact of Event Scale--revised [IES-R; Weiss, D. S. & Marmar, C. R. (1997). The Impact of Events Scale--revised. In J.P. Wilson & T.M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 399-411). New York: Guilford Press], and the monitoring and blunting questionnaire [MBQ, Anxiety Stress Coping 7 (1994) 53]. The results showed that participants with higher NEIS scores report fewer psychological symptoms relating to their traumatic experiences, that monitors are more likely to have higher NEIS scores than blunters. Traumatic events had a greater impact on females than males, and males had higher EI than females. The implications of these findings for using EI as a predictor for individuals who may experience traumatic stress are discussed.  相似文献   
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