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91.
Two different accounts have been proposed to explain the fact that (1) an effect of word frequency is present when readers of transparent orthographies read only words aloud and (2) the effect of word frequency is eliminated when subjects name words and nonwords mixed together in a single block. In the route-shifting account, subjects shift from using a lexical route that can read only words to using a nonlexical route that can read both words and nonwords via the use of sublexical spelling-sound correspondences (hence, no word frequency effect). The essence of the second, time criterion account is that the elimination of the word frequency effect is determined by the speed with which the nonwords are processed, because subjects attempt to homogenize the point in time at which they release an articulation. These two different accounts are pitted against each other in a series of naming experiments utilizing the transparent Turkish orthography. A word frequency effect persists even when words and nonwords are mixed together, provided that nonword sets are matched so as to be named as quickly as the high-frequency words and as slowly as the low-frequency words, respectively. This result is argued to be consistent with the time criterion account, but not with the unadorned route-shifting account. 相似文献
92.
It is estimated that there could be 200 million‘environmental refugees’ by the middle of this century. One major environmental
cause of population displacement is likely to be global climate change. As the situation is likely to become more pressing,
it is vital to consider now the rights of environmental refugees and the duties of the rest of the world. However, this is
not an issue that has been addressed in mainstream theories of global justice. This paper considers the potential of two leading
liberal theories of international justice to address the particular issues raised by the plight of potential and actual environmental
refugees. I argue that neither John Rawls’s ‘Law of Peoples’ approach nor Charles Beitz’s `cosmopolitanism' is capable of
providing an adequate account of justice in this context. Beitz’s theory does have some advantages over Rawls’s approach but
it fails to take proper account of the attachment that some people have to their own ‘home’.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
93.
Derek Besner 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》1989,41(1):91-105
A common assumption in the reading literature is that function words are often identified wholly or in part on the basis of outline shape and/or word-specific visual pattern. This assumption was examined in three perceptual identification experiments, a speeded oral reading experiment, and in a lexical decision task where the visual pattern of function words and control items (content words, non-words and control strings) was systematically distorted by cAsE alTeRnA-tIoN. In all five experiments distortion failed to impair performance more on functors than on various control items. This result is argued to be inconsistent with the view that outline shape and word-specific visual pattern typically play a role in the identification of isolated function words.
Shape distortion impaired function words less than controls in perceptual identification, but impaired function and content words equally in speeded naming and lexical decision. These contrasting effects of shape distortion are discussed in terms of a distinction between the uptake of information (lexical access) and phenomenal perception. 相似文献
Shape distortion impaired function words less than controls in perceptual identification, but impaired function and content words equally in speeded naming and lexical decision. These contrasting effects of shape distortion are discussed in terms of a distinction between the uptake of information (lexical access) and phenomenal perception. 相似文献
94.
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96.
Charlotte R. Pennington Damien Litchfield Neil McLatchie Derek Heim 《European journal of social psychology》2019,49(4):717-734
Underpinned by the findings of Jamieson and Harkins (2007; Experiment 3), the current study pits the mere effort motivational account of stereotype threat against a working memory interference account. In Experiment 1, females were primed with a negative self- or group stereotype pertaining to their visuospatial ability and completed an anti-saccade eye-tracking task. In Experiment 2 they were primed with a negative or positive group stereotype and completed an anti-saccade and mental arithmetic task. Findings indicate that stereotype threat did not significantly impair women's inhibitory control (Experiments 1 and 2) or mathematical performance (Experiment 2), with Bayesian analyses providing support for the null hypothesis. These findings are discussed in relation to potential moderating factors of stereotype threat, such as task difficulty and stereotype endorsement, as well as the possibility that effect sizes reported in the stereotype threat literature are inflated due to publication bias. 相似文献
97.
Dr Derek Botha 《Journal of constructivist psychology》2019,32(2):181-198
This article draws on notions of negative and positive resistances in exploring alternative understandings of ‘anorexia’, in a narrative therapy based approach for ‘anorexic’ adolescents. In doing so, it posits ‘anorexic’ lifestyles as forms of coping mechanisms against dominant social discourses. Narrative treatment is to facilitate a movement away from subjection of dominant social discourses, and should enable intentional movements towards ethical subjectivities. This means that adolescents should then find no need to embrace ‘coping’ mechanisms that lead to lifestyles of ‘anorexia’, and treatment can shift away from food, weight, and body image, to dealing with ‘problems in living’. 相似文献
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99.
The claim that humans adapt their actions in ways that avoid effortful processing (whether cognitive or physical) is a staple of various theories of human behavior. Although much work has been carried out focusing on the determinants of such behaviors, less attention has been given to how individuals evaluate effort. In the current set of experiments, we utilized the general evaluability theory to examine the evaluability of effort by examining subjective value functions across different evaluation modes. Individuals judged the anticipated effort of four task‐specific efforts indexed by stimulus rotation, items to be remembered, weight to be lifted, and stimulus degradation across joint (i.e., judged comparatively) and single evaluation modes (i.e., judged in isolation). General evaluability theory hypothesizes that highly evaluable attributes should be consistently evaluated (i.e., demonstrate similar subjective value functions) between the two modes. Across six experiments, we demonstrate that the perceived effort associated with items to be remembered, weight to be lifted, and stimulus degradation can be considered relatively evaluable, while the effort associated with stimulus rotation may be relatively inevaluable. Results are discussed within the context of subjective evaluation, internal reference information, and strategy selection. In addition, methodological implications of evaluation modes are considered. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
100.
Processes of Working Memory in Mind and Brain 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6