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101.
Ramon Ferrer‐i‐Cancho Antoni Hernández‐Fernández David Lusseau Govindasamy Agoramoorthy Minna J. Hsu Stuart Semple 《Cognitive Science》2013,37(8):1565-1578
A key aim in biology and psychology is to identify fundamental principles underpinning the behavior of animals, including humans. Analyses of human language and the behavior of a range of non‐human animal species have provided evidence for a common pattern underlying diverse behavioral phenomena: Words follow Zipf's law of brevity (the tendency of more frequently used words to be shorter), and conformity to this general pattern has been seen in the behavior of a number of other animals. It has been argued that the presence of this law is a sign of efficient coding in the information theoretic sense. However, no strong direct connection has been demonstrated between the law and compression, the information theoretic principle of minimizing the expected length of a code. Here, we show that minimizing the expected code length implies that the length of a word cannot increase as its frequency increases. Furthermore, we show that the mean code length or duration is significantly small in human language, and also in the behavior of other species in all cases where agreement with the law of brevity has been found. We argue that compression is a general principle of animal behavior that reflects selection for efficiency of coding. 相似文献
102.
S. R. Dey L. Germain M. Humbert S. Suwas E. Bouzy 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2013,93(9):463-471
We propose and describe a method for determining the orientation of parent body-centred cubic (bcc) β grains at high temperatures from the orientations of the orthorhombic variants observed at room temperature as applied to the case of high-Nb-containing Ti3Al-based alloys. The method is based on knowledge of the orientation relationship between the parent and inherited phase. By averaging, the procedure enables determination of the most probable parent orientation using an approximate orientation relationship. The β?→?O transformation in Ti3Al-based Ti–22Al–25Nb alloy is very suitable for checking the relevance and effectiveness of the method because, in this case, after certain processing, some β-phase is retained at room temperature. 相似文献
103.
104.
Developmental time course of the acquisition of sequential egocentric and allocentric navigation strategies 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jessie Bullens Kinga Iglói Alain Berthoz Laure Rondi-Reig 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2010,107(3):337-350
Navigation in a complex environment can rely on the use of different spatial strategies. We have focused on the employment of “allocentric” (i.e., encoding interrelationships among environmental cues, movements, and the location of the goal) and “sequential egocentric” (i.e., sequences of body turns associated with specific choice points) strategies during navigation. To investigate the developmental pattern of these two strategies in school-aged children, we used a virtual reality paradigm in which the spontaneous or imposed use of both strategies could be assessed. Our results showed an increase in spontaneous use of the allocentric strategy and also an increase in reliance on environmental landmarks with age. Although a majority of the children spontaneously used the sequential egocentric strategy, all age groups performed above chance when the allocentric strategy was imposed. Altogether, our findings suggest that young children are able to employ an allocentric strategy but that the nature of this allocentric strategy changes progressively in a complex cognitive representation between 5 and 10 years of age. 相似文献
105.
López-Goñi JJ Fernández-Montalvo J Menéndez JC Yudego F García AR Esarte S 《The Spanish journal of psychology》2010,13(2):906-913
The pre-post treatment change of 112 patients in two therapeutics Spanish communities is described. The Addiction Severity Index (ASI) was used at intake and at the end of the treatment program. Results of the treatment program were evaluated by applying composite scores (CS) of the ASI, and the evolution of each patient was evaluated using the Reliable Change Index (RCI). 69.7% of the sample completed treatment, and 30.3% dropped out prematurely. At intake, the percentage of people who could improve in the different areas of the ASI ranged between 35.1% for alcohol consumption and 95.3% for family relationships. At the follow-up, the percentage of subjects who showed significant statistical improvements in the different areas varied between 7.9% in family relations and 66.7% in alcohol consumption. The percentage of patients who deteriorated was less than 10% for all variables. Implications for further research and clinical practice are commented upon. 相似文献
106.
How contact shapes implicit and explicit preferences: attitudes toward Roma children in inclusive and non‐inclusive environment 下载免费PDF全文
In two studies, the authors examined the effects of intergroup contact in inclusive and non‐inclusive environments on children's explicit and implicit prejudices. In both studies, supervised contact with Roma peers, instructed by inclusive program, led to a more positive explicit evaluation of Roma and less social distance, while it had no significant impact on implicit attitudes. In contrast, implicit attitudes were related to mere exposure to Roma (Study 2). Intergroup anxiety and self‐disclosure mediated the effect of inclusiveness level on explicit, but not on implicit attitudes. The results indicate that two types of attitudes might be formed via different routes, and that mere exposure and supervised contact influence them differently. This information could help tailor future prejudice reduction programs. 相似文献
107.
Concepció Garriga i Setó 《Psychoanalytic Inquiry》2015,35(2):222-233
This article contains a biography of the author, taking into consideration the cultural landscape in which she was immersed all along. It also shows how her search for an identity and a position in the world shaped her orientation, first to feminism and then to psychotherapy. Beginning with her belonging to Orbach’s self-help groups and evolving to a feminist and psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapist, she later became a bioenergetic analyst only to join the relational turn in psychoanalysis after having met Jessica Benjamin in 2002 and having published a number of papers to deconstruct classical psychoanalytic thinking with the help of Judith Butler, Nancy Chodorow, Emilce Dio Bleichmar, and many others. 相似文献
108.
Tang Chun‐i 《Inquiry (Oslo, Norway)》2013,56(1-4):56-83
The ideal of human life as a life of sagehood is the core of Confucian thought. In neo‐Confucianism the stress is on the self‐perfectibility of man, and the central concern of neo‐Confucianist thinkers has accordingly been with the question of how man can cultivate his own potentiality to be a sage. The different answers they give are in the form of teachings about the ‘way’, these teachings incorporating different philosophical views of mind, human nature, and the universe. The author outlines the views of successive neo‐Confucianists and their versions of the ‘way’, seeing their teachings as developments towards the doctrine presented by Wang Yang‐ming (b. 1472), whose thought can be seen in particular as a synthesis of the views of Chu Tzu and Lu Shiang‐shan. 相似文献
109.
Marc Guasch Roger Boada Pilar Ferré Rosa Sánchez-Casas 《Behavior research methods》2013,45(3):765-771
NIM is Web-based software developed to help experimenters with some of the usual tasks carried out in psycholinguistic studies. It allows the user to search for words according to several variables, such as length, matching substrings, lexical frequency, or part of speech, in English, Spanish, and Catalan. NIM also provides the user with the possibilities to obtain different word metrics, such as lexical frequency, length, and part of speech; to find intralanguage and cross-language lexical neighbors; and to get control words for critical stimuli. Regardless of the language used, the program also enables the user to get the orthographic similarity between word pairs and to identify repeated items in lists of experimental stimuli. NIM is free and is publicly available at http://psico.fcep.urv.cat/utilitats/nim/. 相似文献
110.