内群偏私：自我锚定还是社会认同？

以往关于内群偏私的研究大多采用社会认同理论（social identityt heory）做解释。近期,自我锚定（self-anchoring principle）原理被证实可用于解释内群偏私的原因。基于中国人及美国人在内群偏私的目的、方法上的不同,我们采用最小群体范式,验证这两种理论在中国大学生上的适用性。410名大学生（其中前测94名）在互联网上完成以认知能力评估为名的实验,实验控制反馈类型,要求参与者对自身、内群及外群在不同维度上评分。实验证明内群偏私存在;分化理论成立;采用演绎策略时,个体评价与内群评价的差异显著小于个体采用归纳策略时两者的差异,符合社会认同理论的假设。     

Charity Begins at Home: Cultural Differences in Social Discounting and Generosity

People often consider how their actions influence others when making decisions. However, we are not equally generous to everyone alike. Our willingness to share resources declines as a function of social distance between the decision maker and the recipient. This function is likely to be influenced by culture, but research on behavioral decision making is still lacking empirical evidence. In Western societies, individuals generally perceive themselves as autonomous and independent from others, whereas the distinction between self and close others is less sharply defined by Eastern individuals where relationships and group membership are more centralized. Therefore, the social discount function should reflect this difference in the distinction of self and others by a reduced decline in generosity over close social distances. A social decision‐making task was adapted to the intercultural context, and data were collected in Germany and China. For seven different social distances, we estimated how much money German and Chinese subjects were willing to forego to give a certain reward to another person. A hyperbolic model was fitted to the data. We found that other‐regarding generosity declines as a function of social distance independent of cultural identity. However, German subjects showed a marked drop in generosity across close social distances, which was significantly less pronounced in Chinese participants. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同类型的开放式无张力疝修补术的对照研究

比较经腹股沟和修补腹膜前间隙两类无张力癌修补术对腹股沟疝治疗结果的优缺点。将100例腹股沟疝患者随机分为经腹股沟修补组（60例）和经腹膜前间隙修补组（40例）,比较两组患者各手术相关指标、手术并发症及手术费用等方面区别。结果,经腹膜前间隙修补组较经腹股沟修补组手术时间略长（P〈0．05）、手术费用增加（P〈O．05）,而在手术并发症等方面两组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。两类手术各有优缺点,选择何种术式则要因人、因手术医院而异。     

语义性别刻板印象对注意返回抑制的影响——来自行为和ERP的证据

采用ERP技术,以线索提示任务检验了性别刻板印象在返回抑制下的激活过程.实验以性别特征词为线索刺激,性别范畴词为目标刺激,要求被试忽略线索与目标语义仅对目标空间位置做出判断.反应时和ERP显示,线索化条件下刻板语义激活对位置判断产生显著影响,体现为女性刻板语义冲突增强了返回抑制.但非线索化条件下未观察到任何效应.实验结果表明,特定任务下性别刻板印象能够诱发注意偏向,但此过程易受注意线索影响,显示其有条件性.     

Interaction between color and attentional level in children’s conflict control

Cognitive Processing - Perception of color can affect cognition and behavior in humans. Although there has been increasing interest in the effect of red on cognitive performance in adults, little...     

Prior autonomy frustration facilitates persistent behavior: The moderating role of autonomy causality orientation

Motivation and Emotion - Satisfaction of the basic psychological need of autonomy is essential for one’s optimal functioning and well-being. Recent studies consistently demonstrated that...     

如何认识和对待马克思主义宗教观

如何认识和对待马克思主义宗教观,是宗教问题上一个关系到能否正确回答胡锦涛总书记提出的"什么是马克思主义、怎样对待马克思主义"的大问题。本文认为:正确回答"什么是马克思主义宗教观、怎样对待马克思主义宗教观"的大问题,必须坚持马克思主义宗教观的本质和特性,即坚持马克思主义宗教观的科学无神论本质,坚持马克思主义宗教观作为历史唯物主义宗教观、科学社会主义宗教观、一脉相承又与时俱进的宗教观、中国共产党的宗教观、社会主义核心价值体系的组成部分和理论基础等基本特性,否则很容易走到"打着马列主义旗号反对马列主义"的邪路上去。     

论乔纳森·海特的社会直觉主义理论

社会直觉主义是当代美国社会心理学家乔纳森.海特提出的一种较为系统的道德心理学理论,在道德心理学、道德哲学和政治文化研究领域有一定的影响。这一理论主要包括两个组成部分,一是关于道德判断的工作模式,一是关于道德的来源。社会直觉主义有许多值得关注和借鉴的成分,同时也存在一些需要进一步反思和研究的问题。     

医疗政策疏离感对老年人医疗机构信任的影响

探索老年人医疗政策疏离感是否影响其对医疗机构的信任程度,提出改善老年人医疗政策利用效率的新思路。使用医疗政策疏离感量表和医疗机构信任问卷对安徽省三市的60岁及以上老年人展开调查。结果显示有效样本中老年人的医疗政策疏离感平均值为3.03±0.48,即他们对当前医疗政策处于中等偏上水平的疏离状态;医疗政策疏离感显著负向影响老年人医疗机构信任,降低了医疗政策的利用效率,可能对老年健康问题造成影响,亟待改善。因此应从医疗政策宣传与医疗政策适老化两个层面,以医疗政策的使用侧为着眼点,推进医疗政策改革。

     

哈瓦利吉派与伊斯兰教义学

人们传统上认为穆尔泰齐赖派的兴起是伊斯兰教义学的开端,伊斯兰教历史上的第一批教义学家出自穆尔泰齐赖派。作者认为,正式拉开伊斯兰教义学探讨帷幕的是哈瓦利吉派,最早的伊斯兰教义学家也来自哈瓦利吉派,其对伊斯兰教义学的发展贡献甚巨,值得重视。