生涯规划清晰度对大学生学习参与的影响:有调节的中介模型

考察生涯规划清晰度对大学生学习参与的影响机制。采用生涯规划量表、学习过程问卷、团队学习氛围量表和学习参与量表对728名大学生进行调查。结果发现:(1)生涯规划清晰度对学习参与具有显著正向影响;(2)学习动机在生涯规划清晰度与大学生学习参与间起部分中介作用;(3)同伴学习氛围在中介模型的后半段路径中起调节作用。这一结论有助于理解生涯规划清晰度对学习参与的作用机制,对提升大学生学习参与水平具有一定的启发意义。     

The effects of valence‐based and discrete emotional states on aesthetic response

There is increasing recognition that consumer aesthetics—the responses of consumers to the aesthetic or appearance aspects of products—has become an important area of marketing in recent years. Consumer aesthetic responses to a product are a source of pleasure for the consumer. Previous research into the aesthetic responses to products has often emphasized exterior factors and visual design, but studies have seldom considered the psychological aesthetic experience of consumers, and in particular their emotional state. This study attempts to bridge this gap by examining the link between consumers’ emotions and their aesthetic response to a product. Thus, the major goal of this study was to determine how valence‐based and discrete emotional states influence choice. In Studies 1 and 2, positive and negative emotions were manipulated to implement two different induction techniques and explore the effect of emotions on participants’ choices in two separate experiments. The results of both experiments confirmed the predictions, indicating that aesthetic responses and purchase intention are functions of emotional valence, such that both are stronger for people in a positive emotional state than for those in a negative emotional state. Study 2 also used a neutral affective state to establish the robustness of this observed effect of incidental affect. The results of Study 3 demonstrate that aesthetic response and purchase intention are not only a function of affect valence, but also are affected by the certainty appraisal associated with specific affective states. This research, therefore, contributes to the literature by offering empirical evidence that incidental affect is a determinant of aesthetic response.     

Elastic modelling of periodic composites with particle interactions

The mechanical properties of periodic composites containing identical spherical particles are investigated using the principles of micromechanics and homogenization procedures. The averaged strain and stress fields are derived in terms of an eight-particle interaction. The effective elasticity with the cubic symmetry tensor is explicitly obtained. If the interaction term is dropped, then one recovers the conventional Mori–Tanaka model. With further approximations, the dilute model and the self-consistent model can also be obtained within the proposed framework. It is observed that the particle interactions make no contribution to the effective bulk modulus, a result that is consistent with other models and experiments for composites with cubic lattices.     

PbO compensation in the growth of PbWO4: Y3+ crystals

The light yield of Y³⁺-doped PbWO₄ crystals increases after low-dose-rate irradiation with?γ?rays, and the radiation hardness is sensitive to annealing temperature. In the PWO growth procedure, an excess of PbO in the starting materials is a convenient method of compensating for PbO volatility. The relationship between the excess of PbO and the abnormal radiation behaviour has been investigated. The mechanism of the normal excess of PbO in the growth of PWO: Y³⁺ is discussed.     

关系类别及其学习机制

关系类别是指类别的成员身份由一个共同的关系结构决定。其意义来自于其与其他实体的关系或其内部的一系列成分间的关系,关系类别强调关系结构的系统性。文章重点介绍和评述了相似性种类,关系类别和实体类别的联系和差异,关系类别的学习过程及机制———结构—映射理论。未来的研究方向主要是探索新的研究范式,以深入理解关系类别的学习;深入探讨校准和映射过程与其他基本认知过程的相互作用,为关系类别的学习提供更一致的认知观点。     

Attracting Minority Applicants to Malaysian Organizations: The Effect of Race Composition

This study aims to investigate the effect of race composition of organizational representatives on perceived similarity, organizational attractiveness, and perceived opportunities for advancement. Two hundred and twenty four Malaysian Chinese university students participated in the study. The findings showed that race composition was significantly related to the participant’s perception of similarity to the representatives, attraction to the organization, and perception of advancement opportunities in the organization. Minority Chinese participants gave higher ratings on all three outcome variables when they were presented with an organization featuring a homogenous group of Chinese representatives or a racially diverse group of representatives, than an organization featuring a homogenous group of Malay representatives in recruitment advertising. In summary, the inclusion of minority representatives in recruitment advertising is beneficial in attracting minority applicants.     

末期癌症患者的临终关怀

临终关怀与末期癌症关系密切,末期癌症患者是临终关怀的主要对象,这也是姑息医学的主要内容.作为发展中的学科,本文对临终关怀的发展、目的、内容及其在末期癌症患者中的实施作一综述.     

The Compromise Effect in Choosing for Others

Most research into the compromise effect focuses on cognitive factors related to choosing for oneself. However, there are daily opportunities to make choices for others, from helping friends to buy merchandise to choosing souvenirs for relatives. Although it is a common practice, choosing for others is rarely discussed in the literature. Hence, this research is directed to determine whether (i) the compromise effect is greater for people choosing for others with whom one has a distant relationship compared to choosing for themselves, (ii) the decision maker's susceptibility to interpersonal relationships, accountability, and anticipated regret moderate the relationship between choosing for others versus choosing for themselves and the compromise effect, and (iii) the confidence of the decision maker mediates the relationship between deciding for others and the compromise effect. Five hypotheses are proposed and they are supported by the results from four experiments. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Graph‐Framing Effects in Decision Making

This study manipulated the graphical representation of options by framing the physical characters in figures and found that preferences could be affected even when the words and numbers of the problem were constant. Based on attribute substitution theory and an equate‐to‐differentiate approach, we proposed a two‐process model of graph‐framing effects. In the first mental process, the graph‐editing process, the physical features (e.g., distance, size) represented in the graph are visually edited, and the perceived numerical difference between the options is judged based on its physical features. The second mental process, the preferential choice process, occurs by an equate‐to‐differentiate approach in which people seek to equate the difference between options on the dimension on which the difference is smaller, thus leaving the greater other‐dimensional difference to be the determinant of the final choice. Four experiments were tested for graph‐framing effects. Experiment 1 found a graph‐framing effect in coordinate graphs resting on the (de)compression of the scales employed in the figures. Experiment 2 revealed additional graph‐framing effects in other question scenarios and showed that preference changes were mediated by perceived numerical distances. Experiment 3 further confirmed the presence of graph‐framing effects in sector graphs similar to those found in coordinate ones. Experiment 4 suggested that such graph‐framing effects could be eliminated when logical processing (e.g., introducing a mathematical operation before a choice task) was encouraged. This paper discusses related research and a possible substrate basis for graph‐framing effects. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.