进化,从自然主义到自由主义

生物进化体现了生物世界从简单到复杂,从低级到高级的普遍现象,整个进化史可以人类社会出现的界划发为自然状态的进化和人类智慧,意志指导下逐渐展开的人工进化或自由进化,人类的进步必须要和自然环境和谐发展科学必将吸取系统论,理性论和人文精神而成为人类迈向自由地的有力武器。     

肿瘤具有两面性吗

对于患者本身而言,肿瘤往往具有极大的危害性。但是正如砒霜,这昔日毒物品的代表,其提取物三氧化二砷已成功地用来治疗白血病,显示了大自然的一个规律－事物是具有两两性的。那私肿瘤,在其严重影响人类健康的同时,是否也具有可被加以利用的一面呢？初步探讨了这种可能性,并探讨了其应用前景、可能的一些应用领域及注意事项。     

Ethnic characteristics of mental disorders in five U.S. communities

The study examined the ethnic ratio of 16 DSM-III mental disorders among White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian Americans. A total of 18,126 residents from 5 sites and 2,939 residents from the Epidemiological Catchment Area's Los Angeles site were studied separately. Logistic regression analysis was performed. Results showed that Blacks were significantly less likely than Whites to have major depressive episode, major depression, dysthymia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, drug and alcohol abuse or dependence, antisocial personality, and anorexia nervosa, but they were significantly more likely than Whites to have phobia and somatization. Lifetime prevalence rates of schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic, and drug abuse or dependence were significantly lower among Hispanics than among Whites. Asians also had significantly lower rates than Whites of schizophreniform, manic episode, bipolar disorder, panic, somatization, drug and alcohol abuse or dependence, and antisocial personality. Compared with the overall findings, ethnic differences at the Los Angeles site were lessened between Blacks and Whites, enhanced between Hispanics and Whites, and basically unchanged between Asians and Whites.     

The significance of blushing for fair- and dark-skinned people

Since blushing is difficult to detect in people with dark skin, their experience of blushing may differ fundamentally from people with fair skin. To investigate this issue, cheek temperature and forehead blood flow were measured in 16 Caucasians and 16 Indians during mental arithmetic and singing. Caucasians (particularly females) thought that they blushed more intensely than Indians, and also reported greater self-consciousness when singing. Vascular responses did not differ between groups. However, skin tone moderated the association between vascular responses and ratings of self-consciousness, blushing intensity, blushing propensity and fear of negative evaluation. These findings support the notion that the visibility of blushing influences the nature of emotions experienced in embarrassing social encounters.     

社会性信息对Flanker效应的影响

研究显示,面孔Flanker任务中,经典Flanker效应会消失,但其机制还不明确。本文在ANT-I范式的基础上,除常规的箭头Flanker,增加面孔Flanker、两侧为箭头中间为面孔和两侧为面孔中间为箭头的混合Flanker,探究造成该现象的可能原因。结果发现,当Flanker任务中的干扰刺激为箭头时,Flanker效应存在;而干扰刺激为面孔时,Flanker效应则消失了。提示,Flanker任务中干扰刺激的社会性可能是造成Flanker效应消失的原因。这为冲突信息加工中社会性与非社会性信息的控制机制提供了新的视角。     

现实理性：一个理解经济行为的框架

该将人类理性的现实表现作为理解经济行为的框架。该框架强调,主观上人类有效用最大化的追求,但由于感知觉和思维加工能力的缺陷,行为表现经常偏离理论理性。章从认知心理学的角度介绍Kahneman和Tversky的主要研究成果,包括影响最大的前景理论,其他有关算法式和偏误的研究,以及决策和情绪的关系。章的最后还介绍对Kahneman和Tversky的批评。     

大学生词的获得年龄、熟悉度、具体性和词频效应的眼动研究

采用眼动实验方法,研究大学生词的获得年龄、熟悉度、具体性和词频四个变量在句子阅读中所产生的字词识别效应,以及效应作用的时间进程。对这四个变量与词阅读的首次注视时间、单一注视时间、凝视时间、总注视时间进行多元重复回归分析,结果发现,词频和熟悉度在词识别过程的所有方面都具有重要性,获得年龄对词识别的早期加工过程敏感,具体性对各个阶段的词识别影响不显著。     

大学生人际交往技巧的结构及其评估问卷编制

探讨大学生人际交往技巧的结构并在此基础上编制问卷。参考过往文献中提出的结构,通过结构性访谈,编制了大学生人际交往技巧评估问卷,并对其进行探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析。结果：探索性因素分析显示,大学生人际交往技巧包含“语言技巧”,“沟通技巧”“共情能力”,“冲突处理技巧”,“主动交往程度”,“对人际关系的认识”6个维度;问卷的内部一致性系数为0.88,各维度的内部一致性系数为0.65-0.83;验证性因素分析显示,问卷各项拟合指数较为理想,说明问卷具有较好的结构效度。结论：该问卷结构明晰,信效度都达到了测     

听觉通道下负数的低水平加工引起注意的SNARC效应

采用刺激探测任务,探讨了听觉通道下负数的低水平加工能否引起注意的SNARC效应。结果表明:(1)负数的低水平加工能够产生注意的SNARC效应,即线索为绝对值小的负数时,被试对左耳目标反应更快;线索为绝对值大的负数时,被试对右耳目标反应更快。(2)负数的加工所引起听觉空间注意的转移并不依赖于负数所在的情境,而仅通过其绝对值大小与空间表征发生关联。这一结论与视觉条件下所得到的结论不一致,并支持了系统发生论假说。