Using eye-tracking to study audio-visual perceptual integration

Perceptual integration of audio-visual stimuli is fundamental to our everyday conscious experience. Eye-movement analysis may be a suitable tool for studying such integration, since eye movements respond to auditory as well as visual input. Previous studies have shown that additional auditory cues in visual-search tasks can guide eye movements more efficiently and reduce their latency. However, these auditory cues were task-relevant since they indicated the target position and onset time. Therefore, the observed effects may have been due to subjects using the cues as additional information to maximize their performance, without perceptually integrating them with the visual displays. Here, we combine a visual-tracking task with a continuous, task-irrelevant sound from a stationary source to demonstrate that audio-visual perceptual integration affects low-level oculomotor mechanisms. Auditory stimuli of constant, increasing, or decreasing pitch were presented. All sound categories induced more smooth-pursuit eye movement than silence, with the greatest effect occurring with stimuli of increasing pitch. A possible explanation is that integration of the visual scene with continuous sound creates the perception of continuous visual motion. Increasing pitch may amplify this effect through its common association with accelerating motion.     

The Relationship between Individualism—Collectivism and Job Satisfaction

On a exploré dans trois recherches la relation entre la satisfaction professionnelle et les mentalités individualiste ou communautaire. Dans la première, une étude de niveau écologique, nous avons trouvé des corrélations à la limite de seuil de signification entre l'indice d'individualisme de Hofstede et des attitudes défavorables envers la communication et les relations professionnelles; toutes deux relèvent des aspects inter-individuels du travail. Pour la deuxième recherche, c'est un échantillon d'employés chinois de Hong Kong qui ont fourni les données. Les employés présentant un sentiment communautaire se montraient plus satisfaits de leur travail, de leur salaire, de leur promotion, de leur encadrement et de leurs collègues que leurs homologues individualistes. La troisième étude a retrouvé les résultats de la deuxième avec un échantillon d'employés d'un niveau plus modeste.
The relationship between individualism-collectivism and job satisfaction was explored in three studies. In the first, ecological-level, study, we found marginally significant correlations between Hofstede's individualism index and unfavourable attitudes towards working relationships and communication, both being interpersonal aspects of work. In the second study, data were collected from a sample of Chinese employees in Hong Kong. Collectivist employees reported higher satisfaction with their work, pay, promotion, supervision, and coworker than their individualist counterparts. Study 3 replicated findings of Study 2, with a sample of employees at a lower rank.     

Different “routes” to a cognitive map: dissociable forms of spatial knowledge derived from route and cartographic map learning

An important, but as yet incompletely resolved, issue is whether spatial knowledge acquired during navigation differs significantly from that acquired by studying a cartographic map. This, in turn, is relevant to understanding the generalizability of the concept of a “cognitive map,” which is often likened to a cartographic map. On the basis of previous theoretical proposals, we hypothesized that route and cartographic map learning would produce differences in the dynamics of acquisition of landmark-referenced (allocentric) knowledge, relative to view-referenced (egocentric) knowledge. We compared this model with competing predictions from two other models linked to route versus map learning. To test these ideas, participants repeatedly performed a judgment of relative direction (JRD) and a scene- and orientation-dependent pointing (SOP) task while undergoing route and cartographic map learning of virtual spatial environments. In Experiment 1, we found that map learning led to significantly faster improvements in JRD pointing accuracy than did route learning. In Experiment 2, in contrast, we found that route learning led to more immediate and greater improvements overall in SOP accuracy, as compared to map learning. Comparing Experiments 1 and 2, we found a significant three-way interaction effect, indicating that improvements in performance differed for the JRD versus the SOP task as a function of route versus map learning. We interpreted these findings as suggesting that the learning modality differentially affects the dynamics of how we utilize primarily landmark-referenced versus view-referenced knowledge, suggesting potential differences in how we utilize spatial representations acquired from routes versus cartographic maps.     

《汉武帝内传》中所呈现的服食与养生思想

<汉武帝内传>一书,<隋书·经籍志·杂传类>有<汉武内传>二卷;<旧唐书·经籍志·杂传类>有<汉武帝传>二卷;<唐书·艺文志·道家类>有<汉武帝传>二卷,均不著撰人姓名.今所见者,约有二种版本,其一为文渊阁<四库全书>刊本,其一为<正统道藏>刊本.     

我国高校对心理咨询与治疗人才的培养现状调查

本研究旨在调查我国高校对心理咨询与治疗人才的培养现状并分析其中存在的问题与需求.在我国华东、华西、华南、华北、华中地区选取22所不同类型,具有临床心理、咨询心理或应用心理学专业的本科、研究生培养计划的高等院校,搜集其课程设置、实践训练方面的资料,分析调查结果并与发达国家进行比较.结果发现存在一些问题,与发达国家相比尚存在着较大的差距.其中本科生的课程设置主要存在少数学校专业必修课和专业选修课的关系处理不合理、部分学校对心理咨询和治疗课程的培训不足,绝大多数学校无伦理课程培训等问题.研究生的课程体系较不完善,尤需加强对科学和道德伦理,行为的生物基础、行为的认知-情感基础、心理师的个人与专业发展、心理评估和诊断,心理咨询与治疗流派等领域的课程培训.本科生和研究生的实习训练方面,均存在实习内容不全面、实习时问短等问题.此外,本科人才的培养模式问题也值得深入研究探讨.     

文科大学生自我同一性地位的实证研究

对文科大学生自我同一性地位进行实证研究。结果表明:文科大学生的自我同一性地位在年级间存在差异,大一阶段均数高于其他各年级,到大二阶段程度在不断降低,大三阶段逐渐回升,大四阶段又开始降低;自我同一性地位的性别差异研究显示,大一、大三女生自我同一性总体上高于男生;大二、大四男女生的三项指标均数差异不显著;从自我同一性地位频数分布数据上看,A-F地位与D-M地位居多。     

信息的实在性与非实在性

If taking information as a philosophical concept, we will find an important philosophical problem: whether or not is it of reality? This problem also produces such a paradox: If we accept its reality, we will eliminate the difference between information and matter, and attribute information to a physical phenomena,or clear up the independent features, value and significance of information. But if we deny the reality of information, we will deny the objectivity of information or existence of any objective in...     

简论朱子易学在元代发展的基本面貌

易学是朱熹学术体系中的重要组成部分,在易学史上产生了重大影响。元代时期,朱子易学在政府的推崇下,逐渐成为官方学术;同时学者也积极地以师徒相传、朋友讲习与读书自得等方式,传承朱子易学;此外,元代学者还通过研究朱子的易学典籍、发展与批判朱子的易学观点,以及调和朱子与程子的易说等多种途径,对朱子易学作深入探究。这三个方面即构成了朱子易学在元代发展的基本面貌。     

急性肺损伤生物标志物研究进展

急性肺损伤是-临床常见的呼吸系统急危重症,是多个危险因素直接或间接引起肺部损伤的连续病理过程,低氧血症为其特征,其发病机制复杂,病亡率高,目前临床上仍缺乏有效的早期诊断方法,严重影响了疾病的预后,因此需寻找一个简单有效的诊断方法,如血清生物标志物的测定等来帮助本病的诊断以取得更好的疗效.