内群体偏爱或黑羊效应?经济博弈中公平规范执行的群体偏见

公平规范执行代指人们自愿损耗利益来惩罚违反公平原则行为的意愿和行为, 被视为人类社会的重要特征及维持合作行为的关键因素。群体认同是指个体对其所属群体身份的知觉及其所付诸于该群体身份上的价值与情绪, 直接影响着群际互动中人们的公平规范执行行为。基于多种资产分配任务, 国内外学者发现公平规范执行中群体偏见存在两种矛盾的表现形式：人们有时更愿意接受内群体成员的不公提议, 表现为内群体偏爱现象(the in-group favoritism, IGF), 有时又更愿意拒绝内群体成员的不公提议, 表现出黑羊效应(the black sheep effect, BSE)。当前, 纯粹偏好理论和规范聚焦理论常被用来解释上述两种相悖的现象。未来研究应侧重从多种视角揭示公平规范执行偏见的边界条件, 比较多种线索操纵所致偏见的差异性, 促进两种理论的融合与补充, 并增强其潜在神经机制的探索。     

Investigating sexual harassment in online video games: How personality and context factors are related to toxic sexual behaviors against fellow players

Online video games are social spaces for players from around the world. They use this space to form communities, relationships, and identities. However, gaming communities are not always welcoming, and some are even perceived as being “toxic.” A prevalent issue is online sexual harassment, which is keeping many women from participating in the gaming community. Research on the factors contributing to the problem is limited, though. The present study replicates and expands previous research, using a sample of 856 online gamers. The study supports earlier findings that found hostile sexism and social dominance orientation as predictors of sexual harassment perpetration in online video games. In addition, we expanded the previous research with additional predictors: machiavellianism, psychopathy, and gamer identification predicted higher sexual harassment perpetration. Our results have implications for the gaming community's role in curtailing sexual harassment and making itself a more inclusive community.     

知觉与行为分离现象在二维铁钦纳错觉实验中的验

利用二维铁钦纳错觉图片对单手及双手抓握情境下的知觉与行为分离现象进行实验验证,并探讨注意引导等因素对分离现象的影响。实验包括知觉任务和行为任务两项内容,前者主要测量被试的主观错觉量,后者则探讨分离现象是否存在及其影响因素。在行为任务中,记录被试在中心（目标）圆尺寸“实际相同”和“知觉相同”等不同情境下的行为,以拇指和食指抓握图片中心圆的最大抓握孔径为行为指标。结果发现：单手抓握时,左、右手的行为虽然在一定程度上受到了错觉的影响,但均显示出分离现象;双手抓握时,右手受错觉影响的程度减少,分离现象增强,而左手的结果则比较混淆。因此,分离现象是存在的,但它的出现可能受到注意引导、注意分配倾向或双手协调能力等因素的影响。     

The Effect of Reviewer Profile Photo on Purchase Decision: Evidence from Event-Related Potentials

Although the number of studies on online reviews is growing, the impact of reviewer photo on consumer purchase decision-making has not yet been examined systematically. In particular, the underlying neural mechanisms have remained underexplored. Thus, the present study investigated whether and how reviewer photos affects consumers to make a purchase decision by using eventrelated potentials (ERPs). At the behavioral level, participants demonstrated a higher purchase rate with a shorter RT in situations with reviewer photos compared to situations without reviewer photos. Meanwhile, at the neural level, compared with situations without reviewer photos, situations with reviewer photos attracted more rapid attention resources at the early automatic processing phase, which induced a greater P2 amplitude, then mobilized more sustained attention allocation at the cognitive monitoring phase due to its evolutionary significance which elicited a more negative N2 amplitude, and finally resulted in a better evaluative categorization with higher motivational and emotional arousal due to its social presence which evoked a larger late positive potential (LPP) amplitude at the late elaborate cognitive processing phase. Those results illuminated the neural pathway of purchase decision-making when consumers were exposed in different conditions of reviewer photo. Moreover, the current study provided evidence for the underlying influence of reviewer photo on purchase decision-making in online shopping.     

反思的、批判的、重构的当代中国伦理学

当代中国伦理学面临广度拓展和深度发掘两大理论任务,前者属于问题域的开显,后者属于伦理学自身的深化。为摆脱成果多、质量低的窘境,当代中国伦理学必须在“不再是”“正在是”和“尚未是”三个维度上拓展和深化。在“不再是”的框架内,从发生学视角深化道德观念史与道德实践史、文化的伦理性的研究;在“正在是”的视阈中,公共性危机的伦理省思、制度与体制伦理学、德性论困境与规范论难题、不同道德范型之间的冲突与通约,将成为亟待深入分析和论证的问题与难题;朝向“尚未是”的当代中国伦理学,必须关注现代技术的二重性、基于构建人类命运共同体之上的人类伦理学的滥觞和走向心灵深处的道德哲学。而完成以上理论任务的思维能力正是判断力、思索和意愿,而这些能力只有在“实际性”生活的体验和沉思中才能培养起来。     

汉字阅读中语音的通达与表征(Ⅰ)──字水平与亚字水平的语音及其交互作用

该文探讨了汉字语音激活的多层次性、普遍性、整字与声旁语音激活资源之间的交互作用等问题。以启动一命名为实验范式,结果表明：在汉字加工早期,汉字的语音得到了显著激活,而且这一激活发生在整字和声旁两个水平、高频和低频两种汉字中;整字与声旁的语音激活存在交互作用,而该交互作用受到整字与声旁的相对频率的影响。根据实验结果,该文提出：汉字整字和声旁的语音激活之间遵循“整字优先”和“高频优先”的原则交互作用。     

汉语双音节同音词词汇歧义消解过程的研究

使用跨通道词汇判断任务和语义启动技术,两个实验分别考察了孤立状态下和句子语境中汉语双音节同音词意义通达的情况,结果发现(1)在孤立状态下,无论ISI为0毫秒还是-150毫秒,与同音词主要或次要意义有关的探测词都受到了促进;(2)当ISI为0毫秒时,在语境一致的条件下,与同音词主要或次要意义有关的探测词均受到了促进,在语境不一致的条件下,则未发现任何促进效应;(3)当ISI为-150毫秒时,只是在语境一致并且探测词与同音词的主要意义有关的条件下才观察到促进效应。     

右侧脑发育不全遗忘症患者的启动效应与右侧皮层的分离

采用ＷＭＳ－ＣＲ、ＷＩＳＣ－ＣＲ和４项内隐记忆任务（偏好、自由联想、字根补笔和字辨认）观察一例右侧大脑发育不全患者和两组正常对照的知觉性启动效应和语义性启动效应。发现该患者智力发育迟滞、记忆功能严重障碍,但两种启动效应正常。显示右侧大脑皮层发育不全不影响两种启动效应任务操作,启动效应与右侧大脑皮层分离。不支持Ｋｅａｎｅ等人认为知觉性启动效应的神经学基础在大脑皮层的结论。结合先的研究结果认为知觉性启动效应可能与基底神经节有关,语义性启动效应可能与左侧大脑皮层有关。     

Gender Role Internalization, Multiple Roles, and Chinese Women's Mental Health

The influence of gender role internalization as a moderator in the relationship between women's multiple roles and psychological distress was investigated. Study 1 identified three components of gender role internalization, which were labeled "Traditional Ideal Person,""Self-sacrifice," and "Competence without Complaint," and found that it did not overlap with existing gender-typed measures among 128 female Chinese university students. The multidimensionality of gender role internalization was confirmed in Study 2 among a sample of 225 women in the paid Hong Kong workforce. As expected, role quality was a better predictor of psychological distress than role quantity. Gender role internalization accounted for significant portions of explained variance even after taking role quality into account. Internalization of Traditional Ideal Person and Competence without Complaint messages exacerbated distress in certain areas when role quality was low. However, internalization of Self-Sacrifice messages mitigated distress for Chinese women with low work quality.     

谈判中的时间因素

研究时间因素对谈判的影响有利于提高人们对时间重要性的认识,有效谈判策略的运用和整合结果的实现。时间因素对谈判者认知、行为和谈判结果的影响具体表现在：时间压力会降低谈判者的认知动机,使谈判者更加依赖认知启发式;暂停和中场休息是否会为谈判带来积极影响应该视不同的谈判事件和不同的心理状态而定;拉大谈判与结果实现之间的时间距离会提高谈判的共同结果,这可以从折扣效应和建构水平理论中得到解释。将来的谈判研究会进一步从时间向空间拓展