网格细胞在空间记忆中的作用

网格细胞存在于内嗅皮层,具有显著的空间放电特征,并呈现出网格图样的放电结构。近年来网格细胞的发现及其功能研究,为深入阐释空间记忆的神经机制开辟了新的视角。本文详细介绍了网格细胞的发现、神经解剖学联系及空间放电特征;通过网格细胞与位置细胞的对比分析,阐释网格细胞利用自身运动信息进行空间编码的机制,以及在空间记忆中所发挥的路径整合器功能。     

理雅各的儒教一神论

理雅各以系统译介儒教经典而成为19世纪欧洲汉学之权威。他认为儒教是信仰真正上帝(God)之宗教,应由基督教补充与完成。本文分析理氏著译中有关中国上帝崇拜之论述,孔子宗教品格与形象之变化,以及理氏对儒教宗教性的判定,藉此对理氏儒教研究中基督教意识形态与传教动机的介入与影响作出反思。     

Natural sample spaces and uncertain belief.

This article proposes a novel framework for understanding judgments of probability. Both accurate and inaccurate judgments are conceptualized in terms of the sets of information, or sample spaces, on which they are based. When appropriate sample spaces are easily accessed from memory (e.g., when they correspond to natural cognitive categories), people will make relatively accurate judgments; otherwise, people may substitute more accessible but inappropriate sample spaces and make judgment errors. In 3 experiments, the sample space framework was applied to account for the base rate fallacy. Results showed that (a) people spontaneously access sample spaces that correspond to natural categories, (b) reliance on inappropriate sample spaces produces the base rate fallacy, and (c) highlighting appropriate sample spaces improves the sensitivity of people's judgments to base rates. Discussion extends the framework to explain accuracy and error in other judgment domains.     

EFFECTS OF SECOND LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY OF SPEAKERS AND LISTENERS ON PERSON PERCEPTION AND BEHAVIOURAL INTENTION: A STUDY OF CHINESE BILINGUALS

Do people at different levels of second language proficiency perceive and interact with other speakers differently? Conceptual analyses suggested three possibilities. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the hypotheses derived from the conceptual analyses. Forty Chinese undergraduates (half of whom were high and half of whom were low in English language proficiency) listened to English speeches by either high or low proficiency speakers, and rated the speakers on ten personality traits and ten behavioural intention items. High and low proficiency listeners did not differ in their impressions of the speakers or the behavioural intention towards them. However, speaker proficiency strongly affected the listeners' person perception and behavioural intention. Results from a hierarchical multiple regression supported the hypothesis that speaker proficiency influenced person perception, which in turn influenced behavioural intention.     

Reexamining personal, social, and cultural influences on compliance behavior in the United States, Poland, and Hong Kong

Researchers have extended the literature on strategies of gaining compliance with a request to incorporate cultural variations into the analytic framework. In the present investigation, the authors sought to go beyond previous studies of the factors increasing compliance rates by reexamining how researchers conceptualize and measure personal, social, and cultural influences on compliance behavior in the United States, Poland, and Hong Kong. The authors found that different levels of compliance were affected by culture, principles of influence, and the individual's personal orientation of idiocentrism/allocentrism (I/A). In the present study, the authors extended previous cross-cultural work by decomposing the I/A into 2 separate individual difference variables: normative perceptions and evaluative perceptions. The interaction of person and situation on compliance showed the power of situational demands and the strength of different aspects of personal collectivism. Different patterns of compliance at the culture level revealed the importance of culture in shaping this behavioral tendency. Thus, the authors' integration of personal, social, and cultural influences provided an interactive model to help researchers explain compliance more comprehensively.     

How Does Waiting Duration Information Influence Customers' Reactions to Waiting for Services?1

Waiting duration information (i.e., how long customers are expected to wait) is commonly provided by service organizations as a means to reduce customers' dissatisfaction with waiting. Results obtained from an experimental study indicate that the information has no effect on perceived waiting duration (how long subjects believe they have waited). On the other hand, with the information, subjects appear to maintain a sense of control during the wait, which in turn affects service quality judgment directly or indirectly through acceptability of perceived waiting duration.     

Epidemiologic Characteristics and Trends of Fatal Suicides among the Elderly in Taiwan

Taiwan has one of the highest suicide rates in the world, especially among its elderly. The epidemiologic characteristics and trends of the surging elderly suicide rates from 1993 to 2003 are described, with a special emphasis on the risk groups, the methods used in suicide, and their geographical variations. Data on annual mortality for persons over 65 years of age with external cause‐of‐death codes E950–E959 were obtained from the Death Certification data file provided by the Department of Health and used in the analysis. The suicide rate for each 5‐year age group over 65 years old increased during the 11‐year period. Elderly males had the highest suicide rate and experienced an increased rate of 49% during the decade. The average suicide ratio between elderly males and females was about 2:1. Never‐married males had the highest age‐adjusted as well as sex‐ and marital status‐specific suicide rates, and showed an increased rate of 66% over the 11‐year period. Geographical variations in suicide rates were significant, with the lest urbanized eastern Taiwan having a higher rate than other regions. Hanging, strangulation, and suffocation were the most used methods for committing suicide by the elderly, but their use had decreased from 63% to 54% during the decade; but jumping off a building and drowning increased significantly. Variation in suicide rate among months was not significant. With the increase in the elderly suicide rate, more governmental and societal interventions are needed to alleviate this social and human problem.     

大卫·哈维的不平衡地理发展理论述评

不平衡地理发展是涉及诸多领域,如社会学、地理学、历史学、人类学、政治学、经济学等理论和实践中的核心问题之一.正是作为新自由主义政治规划和资本积累地理过程的全球化与多样性之间的冲突,越来越使我们认识到不平衡地理发展的重要性及其在当代政治实践的基础性地位.     

跨文化适应影响因素研究述评

跨文化接触会影响人的适应,影响跨文化适应的因素有内部因素和外部因素,外部因素包括生活变化、社会支持、旅居时间、文化距离、歧视与偏见等,内部因素包括认知评价方式、应对方式、人格、与文化相关的知识与技能、人口统计学因素