领导-部属交换（LMX）的回顾与展望

领导-部属交换理论从领导和部属的对偶关系中考察领导行为及其对下属的绩效、组织承诺等结果变量的影响。文章回顾了领导-部属交换的文献,对于它的概念、理论基础、结构、测量工具等进行了综合介绍,对不同测量工具的各自的特点以及它们之间的关系做了分析,接着总结了影响领导-部属关系的影响因素和结果变量以及与变革型领导的关系,最后提出未来研究应该加强从领导部属交换的发展阶段以及从部属或领导的角度来分析领导-部属交换理论     

基因检测与治疗中若干问题的伦理学思考

随着基因组学的发展,临床医学中出现了基因检测与基因治疗的新方法,伴随着基因技术的临床应用出现了一些伦理、法律和社会新问题,迫使人们从理论和观念层次加以考察并探讨解决问题的可能性途径,对基因检测和基因治疗中出现或可能出现的伦理学问题进行了初步探讨,结合国际人类基因组计划的有关规范,探索了解决问题的可能性途径。     

论医学生从业素质的要求与培养

21世纪的高等医学教育应该适应卫生事业发展、医学模式转变,特别是社会进步与医学科学发展的宏观背景,以综合素质、创新能力和创新精神、适应社会需求、多维学科结构等要素为培养目标,以脑科学研究和信息技术为重要手段,改革和构建21世纪医学教育新模式,以培养出更多优秀的21世纪所需要的创造性医学人才。     

Synelfin Regulation during the Critical Period for Song Learning in Normal and Isolated Juvenile Zebra Finches

Male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) learn to sing during a critical period in adolescence. We previously described a presynaptic protein, synelfin, whose mRNA is increased early in this critical period in a brain nucleus specifically implicated in song learning, lateral MAN (lMAN). In the current study, in situ hybridization was used to map this change in gene expression to the subregion of lMAN that projects to the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA), the principal motor output of the telencephalic circuit that controls song production. Using confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, we detected numerous puncta of synelfin immunoreactivity that apparently represent presynaptic terminals from lMAN in the RA of young males. Synelfin immunoreactivity in RA declined abruptly between 40 and 45 days of age, a time of major synaptic reorganization in RA. This change did not occur until about 10 days after the decline in synelfin mRNA in cell bodies within lMAN, indicating a relatively slow turnover of the protein in presynaptic terminals and suggesting that some of the functional changes that occur during the critical period may arise from regulatory decisions that were initiated a week or more earlier. Depriving birds of tutoring did not halt or delay the decline of synelfin mRNA in lMAN. This change in gene expression must not be a consequence of early song learning, but may reflect an innate or programmed step in song circuit development.     

Normalized Paper Credit Assignment: A Solution for the Ethical Dilemma Induced by Multiple Important Authors

With the growth of research collaborations, the average number of authors per article and the phenomenon of equally important authorships have increased. The essence of the phenomenon of equally important authorships is the approximately equal importance of authors, both because of the difficulties in comparing authors’ contributions to a paper and some actual research evaluation practices, which (approximately) give full paper credit only to the most important authors. A mechanism for indicating that various authors contributed equally is required to maintain and strengthen collaboration. However, the phenomenon of multiple important authors can cause unfair comparisons among the research contributions and abilities of authors of different papers. This loophole may be exploited. Normalizing the credit assigned to a given paper’s authors is an easy way to solve this ethical dilemma. This approach enables fair comparisons of the contributions by the authors of different articles and suppresses unethical behaviour in author listings. Bibliometric researchers have proposed mature methods of normalized paper credit assignment that would be easy to use given the current level of computer adoption.     

Who helping helps: An event-sampling study of how basic psychological needs moderate the impact of acting prosocially

Growing work suggests that prosociality – actions such as kindness and generosity – boosts the well-being of altruists, yet this effect is not universally true for all individuals. Thus, a major question moving forward is who reaps the largest benefits of acting prosocially. Here, we propose that trait differences in satisfaction of needs (i.e. autonomy, competence, and relatedness) act as key moderators of the effect of prosociality on well-being. We tested two competing hypotheses – deprivation vs. sensitization models – in a 14-day event-sampling study of 383 community participants. We found that people with lower trait autonomy experienced a greater well-being boost after acting prosocially than their higher counterparts. Moreover, this relationship was further mediated by state autonomy. Our findings highlight the special role autonomy, but not competence or relatedness, plays in explaining individual differences in who benefits from acting prosocially – and the mechanism behind this process.     

中国自杀未遂的流行特征及影响因素研究

自杀是一个严重的社会问题和公共卫生问题。但目前尚未完全了解自杀的影响因素以及预防自杀的方法。流行病学研究表明自杀未遂是自杀的重要预测因素,了解自杀未遂的特征以及影响因素将有助于减少自杀行为的发生。本文对自杀未遂的流行特征以及影响因素进行了综述。     

喉罩与气管内插管在胸腔镜胸交感神经切断术中的应用比较

为了探讨在手汗症手术中一次性喉罩替代气管内插管的安全性和可行性。择期行胸腔交感神经链切断术的患者40例,分为气管导管组（T组）和喉罩组（L组）。结果L组与T组相比,T2、T8各时点的SBP、DBP降低,HR减慢（P〈0．05）。两组患者术中及术后SpO2均维持98％以上,通气参数及血气分析结果均在正常范围内。喉罩通气麻醉操作简便,通气可靠,且对心血管系统刺激小。     

老年术后认知功能障碍研究进展及思考

术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)是临床上老年患者术后常见的并发症,主要表现为精神活动、人格、记忆力和社交活动以及认知能力的异常,渐渐为患者和医学工作者所重视,但其病因和发病机制尚不清楚.运用哲学的基本原理,掌握科学的方法论和辩证思维方法,有助于正确分析POCD的相关病因及其发病机制,从而更好定指导临床工作.     

冠状动脉CT血管成像应用中的思考

随着科学技术的发展及医疗水平的提高,冠状动脉CT血管成像（CTCA）已成为诊断冠心病的金标准,该项技术微创、安全、简单、快捷,深受患者青睐。本文讨论该项技术应用中所贯穿的哲学思考与应有的人文关怀。