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201.
Tristram Smith Daniel W. Mruzek Leigh Ann Wheat Carrie Hughes 《Behavioral Interventions》2006,21(4):245-263
Three procedures for correcting errors made during discrimination training were examined: error statement (saying ‘no’), modeling the correct response, and No Feedback. Six children with autism (age 3–7 years) were taught to match words to pictures with each of the three procedures, and the number of trials to mastery was compared across conditions. Results varied across participants. Two participants performed as well with no feedback as they did with an error correction procedure; two acquired skills slightly more quickly with an error correction procedure than with no feedback, but showed no difference between error correction procedures; one did best with error statement; and one did best with modeling. Results indicate that the choice of error correction procedure can have a large effect on rate of skill acquisition but that the optimal procedure may vary across individuals. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
202.
203.
Steven Brown Matthew Berry Ember Dawes Alessia Hughes Carmen Tu 《Journal of Cognitive Psychology》2019,31(3):326-342
The current study set out to examine how the presence or absence of depicted characters in visual narratives influences the degree of character-related content in improvised stories. The experiment consisted of trials of oral storytelling that were prompted by wordless comics. The degree of character content in the storylines was varied from being character-based—showing people engaging in social interactions—to being characterless, for example scenes depicting natural phenomena. An intermediate “character-implied” condition was also investigated, exemplified by the scene of a tornado passing through a town, where no people were depicted but in which their presence was strongly suggested. Linguistic content analysis of 472 stories demonstrated indistinguishable use of third-person pronouns (she/he) between character-implied and character-containing scenarios. An analysis of character presence demonstrated that storytellers inserted protagonists into the character-implied stories as vehicles for the actions taking place. This phenomenon reveals the character-driven nature of story creation. 相似文献
204.
Elizabeth Hahn Rickenbach Stefan Agrigoroaei Matthew Hughes Margie E. Lachman 《Applied cognitive psychology》2019,33(4):709-719
Brain training is increasingly popular, and many believe in the efficacy of such programs without empirical evidence. We examined whether instructions promising memory improvement would influence subjective and objective cognition. Participants (n = 145; age: M = 50.64) were randomly assigned to a memory improvement or memory task condition. Participants completed demographic and perceived control over cognition measures, in addition to cognitive tasks and subjective cognition items for 7 days. Participants in the improvement condition reported significantly greater memory increases than those in the memory task condition. This effect was moderated by perceived control over cognition; participants in the improvement condition with high control beliefs were significantly more likely than those with low control beliefs or those in the task condition to report better memory. Individuals with higher control beliefs may be more susceptible to the claims of brain training programs, which is significant given that such programs are increasingly popular and commercially available. 相似文献
205.
Neuropsychology Review - The prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) is on the rise globally, and recent epidemiological studies have observed increased rates in the Arab world (i.e., countries of... 相似文献
206.
Across two studies participants completed a learning phase comprised of two types of trials: context pairing trials in which two (valenced or non-valenced) words were identical or opposite to one another and evaluative conditioning (EC) trials in which a CS was paired with a US. Based on the idea that EC occurs because CS-US pairings function as a symbolic cue about the relation between the CS and the US, we hypothesised that the nature of context pairings (identical or opposite) might moderate EC effects. Results indicate that identity-based context pairs led to typical assimilative explicit and implicit effects whereas opposition-based pairs led to attenuated effects. Implications and different accounts of our findings are discussed. 相似文献
207.
Catherine M Jordan Andrea L Johnson Steven J Hughes Elsa G Shapiro 《Child neuropsychology》2008,14(1):21-41
Few methods exist to measure declarative (explicit) memory in children during the toddler and preschool stages of development. We report the development and psychometric properties of a new measure of declarative memory for this age group, the Color Object Association Test (COAT). In pilot testing and large scale application of the test, the COAT was demonstrated to be a reliable and a valid measure of declarative memory for healthy children ages 18-36 months, living in a disadvantaged community. The test shows a linear developmental trajectory, which allows longitudinal examination of the development of declarative memory in children. 相似文献
208.
Early problem behaviors are associated with a variety of cognitive deficits: in verbal ability, executive function (EF) and
theory of mind (ToM). Previous studies with different age-groups yield contrasting results: for 2-year-olds, ToM skills appear
particularly salient (Hughes & Ensor, 2006), but for 4-year-olds EF appears more important (Hughes, White, Sharpen, & Dunn,
2000). To examine this apparent developmental change in the relative salience of cognitive deficits we followed 122 children
from Hughes and Ensor’s (2006) sample at ages 3 and 4. Tests of ToM, EF and verbal ability were included at each time-point
and multi-informant, multi-measure, multi-setting ratings provided aggregate measures of problem behaviors. ToM and verbal
ability showed non-specific associations with problem behaviors, but associations between EF and problem behaviors were strong
and specific. In addition, age-3 EF mediated relations between age-2 verbal ability and age-4 problem behaviors. 相似文献
209.
Melanie Dobson Hughes 《Journal of religion and health》2008,47(2):237-252
In the midst of the multifarious healthcare of the 21st century an Anglican clergyman from the 18th century named John Wesley
can serve as a valuable resource for contemporary Christians seeking to faithfully live a life of well-being which incorporates
different forms of medicine. In order to explore Wesley’s contributions to integrative care this essay will first situate
Wesley in his 18th century context—a time period not completely unlike our own in which medicine was also experiencing dramatic
shifts in practice and philosophy. In order to demonstrate his integration of the medical knowledge of his day the essay will
look at Wesley’s own medical practices and his relationships to physicians as forging a “middle way” between physic and empiricism. The essay will examine Wesley’s theology as a practical piety which is grounded in a holistic sotieriology
that sustains an integrative medicine (caring for body, mind, and spirit). Finally, the essay concludes with possibilities
for integrated medicine in our own day as informed by a Wesleyan “way” of holistic practice.
Melanie Dobson Hughes MDiv, Th.M is a current Th.D candidate in theology and ethics at Duke University Divinity School. She is also an ordained elder in the Desert Southwest conference of the United Methodist church. Her research interests include healing, spiritual practices, and suffering. 相似文献
Melanie Dobson HughesEmail: |
Melanie Dobson Hughes MDiv, Th.M is a current Th.D candidate in theology and ethics at Duke University Divinity School. She is also an ordained elder in the Desert Southwest conference of the United Methodist church. Her research interests include healing, spiritual practices, and suffering. 相似文献
210.
Ta WM Pitts RC Hughes CE McLean AP Grace RC 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2008,89(1):71-91
The purpose of this study was to examine effects of d-amphetamine on choice controlled by reinforcement delay. Eight pigeons responded under a concurrent-chains procedure in which one terminal-link schedule was always fixed-interval 8 s, and the other terminal-link schedule changed from session to session between fixed-interval 4 s and fixed-interval 16 s according to a 31-step pseudorandom binary sequence. After sufficient exposure to these contingencies (at least once through the pseudorandom binary sequence), the pigeons acquired a preference for the shorter reinforcement delay within each session. Estimates of the sensitivity to reinforcement immediacy were similar to those obtained in previous studies. For all pigeons, at least one dose of d-amphetamine attenuated preference and, hence, decreased estimates of sensitivity to reinforcement immediacy; in most cases, this effect occurred without a change in overall response rates. In many cases, the reduced sensitivity to reinforcement delay produced by d-amphetamine resulted primarily from a decrease in the asymptotic level of preference achieved within the session; in some cases, d-amphetamine produced complete indifference. These findings suggest that a reduction in the sensitivity to reinforcement delay may be an important behavioral mechanism of the effects of psychomotor stimulants. 相似文献