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151.
Hugh W. Buckingham 《Cognitive Science》1986,10(2):195-217
In this paper I argue that phonemic paraphasia in the fluent aphasias is best characterized as a computational disruption in the processes that map the Functional Level onto the Positional Level of the model of sentence production developed by Merrill Garrett. I claim that a scan-copying mechanism of the sort proposed by Shattuck-Hufnagel operates among the computations leading to the Positional Level and that mechanism, when it derails, gives rise to the production of phonemic level errors in the language of fluent aphasies with posterior left cerebral lesions. I then argue that phonetic level errors in non-fluent, verbal apraxia cannot be handled by the scan-copier, nor can they be accounted for at the Positional Level. 相似文献
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156.
Dennett HW McKone E Tavashmi R Hall A Pidcock M Edwards M Duchaine B 《Behavior research methods》2012,44(2):587-605
Many research questions require a within-class object recognition task matched for general cognitive requirements with a face recognition task. If the object task also has high internal reliability, it can improve accuracy and power in group analyses (e.g., mean inversion effects for faces vs. objects), individual-difference studies (e.g., correlations between certain perceptual abilities and face/object recognition), and case studies in neuropsychology (e.g., whether a prosopagnosic shows a face-specific or object-general deficit). Here, we present such a task. Our Cambridge Car Memory Test (CCMT) was matched in format to the established Cambridge Face Memory Test, requiring recognition of exemplars across view and lighting change. We tested 153 young adults (93 female). Results showed high reliability (Cronbach's alpha = .84) and a range of scores suitable both for normal-range individual-difference studies and, potentially, for diagnosis of impairment. The mean for males was much higher than the mean for females. We demonstrate independence between face memory and car memory (dissociation based on sex, plus a modest correlation between the two), including where participants have high relative expertise with cars. We also show that expertise with real car makes and models of the era used in the test significantly predicts CCMT performance. Surprisingly, however, regression analyses imply that there is an effect of sex per se on the CCMT that is not attributable to a stereotypical male advantage in car expertise. 相似文献
157.
Rebecca L. Brookes Kristin Hannesdottir Hugh S. Markus Robin G. Morris 《Journal of Neuropsychology》2013,7(1):19-28
A common cause of neuropsychological impairment in older adults is cerebral small vessel disease (SVD), but little is known as to whether lack of awareness of neuropsychological impairment is a feature of this clinical condition. In this study, we investigated awareness deficits in a well‐phenotyped population of patients with SVD (n= 45; 21 with defined concomitant neuropsychological impairment) and made comparisons with 24 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and a further 80 control participants. Awareness of performance on a range of neuropsychological measures was examined based on the Brief Memory and Executive Test Battery (BMET) (Brookes, Hannesdottir, Lawrence, Morris, & Markus, 2012 ), exploring the relationship between awareness and memory and executive function. The results revealed significant awareness deficits in both the SVD and AD groups. When splitting the SVD group into those with or without concomitant neuropsychological impairment, only those with neuropsychological impairment showed reduced awareness. For the SVD group, executive function was significantly correlated with awareness but memory was not. By comparison, memory was significantly correlated with awareness in the AD group, with executive function showing a trend but remaining non‐significant. The results show that lack of awareness of deficit is a clinical feature of SVD and indicate that there are distinct neuropsychological associations with awareness deficit for SVD and AD. 相似文献
158.
Hugh D. McCracken 《Journal of motor behavior》2013,45(3):262-279
A cross-sectional approach was used to replicate and examine developmental flexibility in eye-hand relationships during alternate tapping performance. A group of 68 male subjects, 34 younger (mean 75.6 months) and 34 older (mean 128.9 months) practiced 12 5-sec trials of alternate tapping in one of three accuracy conditions. Trials 2 and 11 were filmed to determine the eye movement index (EMI), a fraction relating eye movements (numerator) to alternate taps (denominator). Fractional EMI values close to 1 were labelled discontinuity and values closer to 0 (1/N) continuity. Accuracy variation tested the flexibility of EMI. for developmental change, revealing that EMIs for older subjects were more continuous than for younger subjects at trial 11, but not at trial 2. Level of EMI was related to age and condition, while change in EMI due to practice was related to age. The data showed EMI strategy flexibility increased with age, and that faster tapping was afforded by less direct visual monitoring of the hand. 相似文献
159.
Hugh Miller III 《逻辑史和逻辑哲学》2013,34(2):197-198
It is a little understood fact that the system of formal logic presented in Wittgenstein’s Tractatusprovides the basis for an alternative general semantics for a predicate calculus that is consistent and coherent, essentially independent of the metaphysics of logical atomism, and philosophically illuminating in its own right. The purpose of this paper is threefold: to describe the general characteristics of a Tractarian-style semantics, to defend the Tractatus system against the charge of expressive incompleteness as levelled by Robert Fogelin, and to give a semantics for a formal language that is the Tractarian equivalent of a first-order predicate calculus. Of note in regard to the latter is the fact that a Tractatusstyle truth-definition makes no appeal to the technical trick of defining truth in terms of the satisfaction of predicates by infinite sequences of objects, yet is materially equivalent to the usual Tarski-style truth-definitions 相似文献
160.
Ethnomethodology: How People Make Sense, by Warren Handel Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice‐Hall, 1982, 159 pages, $9.95 paper. Corrections, by Paul W. Keve, New York: Wiley, 1981, 506 pages. The Correctional System: An Introduction, by Susan Titus Reid, New York: Holt, $18.95, cloth, 506 pages. 相似文献