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51.
Everyone agrees that infants possess general mechanisms for learning about the world, but the existence and operation of more specialized mechanisms is controversial. One mechanism—rule learning—has been proposed as potentially specific to speech, based on findings that 7‐month‐olds can learn abstract repetition rules from spoken syllables (e.g. ABB patterns: wo‐fe‐fe, ga‐tu‐tu…) but not from closely matched stimuli, such as tones. Subsequent work has shown that learning of abstract patterns is not simply specific to speech. However, we still lack a parsimonious explanation to tie together the diverse, messy, and occasionally contradictory findings in that literature. We took two routes to creating a new profile of rule learning: meta‐analysis of 20 prior reports on infants’ learning of abstract repetition rules (including 1,318 infants in 63 experiments total), and an experiment on learning of such rules from a natural, non‐speech communicative signal. These complementary approaches revealed that infants were most likely to learn abstract patterns from meaningful stimuli. We argue that the ability to detect and generalize simple patterns supports learning across domains in infancy but chiefly when the signal is meaningfully relevant to infants’ experience with sounds, objects, language, and people. 相似文献
52.
Hugh LaFollette 《The Journal of Ethics》2005,9(3-4):475-499
Our actions, individually and collectively, inevitably affect others, ourselves, and our institutions. They shape the people
we become and the kind of world we inhabit. Sometimes those consequences are positive, a giant leap for moral humankind. Other
times they are morally regressive. This propensity of current actions to shape the future is morally important. But slippery
slope arguments are a poor way to capture it. That is not to say we can never develop cogent slippery slope arguments. Nonetheless,
given their most common usage, it would be prudent to avoid them in moral and political debate. They are often fallacious
and have often been used for ill. They are normally used to defend the moral status quo. Even when they are cogent, we can always find an alternate way to capture their insights. Finally, by accepting that the
moral roads on which we travel are slippery, we become better able to successfully navigate them. 相似文献
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Gordon Hodson Hugh Hooper John F. Dovidio Samuel L. Gaertner 《European journal of social psychology》2005,35(4):437-448
The aversive racism framework (S. L. Gaertner & J. F. Dovidio, 1986 ) suggests that bias against Blacks is most likely to be expressed by Whites when it can be explained or justified along non‐racial grounds. The present experiment adopted a 2 (Evidence: admissible vs. inadmissible) × 2 (Defendant Race: White vs. Black) between subjects design, asking White participants, whose self‐reported prejudice was assessed, to judge a legal case. As predicted, increased guilt ratings and longer sentencing recommendations were forwarded for the Black (vs. White) defendant only when DNA evidence linking the defendant to the crime had previously been ruled inadmissible. This result was not qualified by self‐report racial attitudes. The implications for evidence inadmissibility in interracial contexts are considered, along with the repercussions of finding experimental evidence of aversive racism outside of North America. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
56.
Positive Indicators of Child Well-Being: A Conceptual Framework, Measures, and Methodological Issues
Laura H. Lippman Kristin Anderson Moore Hugh McIntosh 《Applied research in quality of life》2011,6(4):425-449
This article suggests a comprehensive conceptual framework which identifies constructs for positive well-being as well as
potential indicators and extant measures that fit with those constructs. In addition, the article reviews existing data sources
for examples of positive measures that are found in the proposed framework as well as research studies that have been successful
in measuring these indicators. The article then notes the data and measurement gaps that exist in comprehensively measuring
the positive in children and youth. Finally, it identifies a number of conceptual and methodological issues that need consideration
as efforts to define and measure positive indicators of well-being and well-becoming go forward. We argue that positive indicators
represent good science, reflect and promote a positive vision of children, and establish positive goals for nations. 相似文献
57.
In Search of Common Threads: Linking Multicultural,Feminist, and Social Justice Counseling Paradigms
Hugh C. Crethar Edil Torres Rivera Sara Nash 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2008,86(3):269-278
Multicultural, feminist, and social justice counseling theories are often viewed as disparate helping models. This article examines the complementary nature of these models and discusses the need to promote a clearer understanding of the ways in which these common threads can be used in counseling practice. 相似文献
58.
This study focuses on the interplay between religiosity and drug use in a sample of 250 adult women from the Atlanta, Georgia metropolitan area who were interviewed between August 1997 and August 2000. The research addresses two principal questions: (1) Is there a relationship between the level of religiosity and the amount of illegal drug use reported? (2) If so, is this relationship maintained in multivariate analysis when the effects of other potentially relevant factors like demographic characteristics, childhood maltreatment experiences, psychosocial traits, and substance user-related measures are taken into account? We found that religiosity is related to the amount of drugs women used. Four variables were retained in the final multivariate drug use prediction model: religiosity, coping with everyday stresses, number of family members who are substance abusers, and amount of oral sex. Greater amounts of drugs were used by women who were less religious, less capable of coping with stress, had more drug-abusing family members, and reported having more oral sex. Together, these items explained nearly one-fifth of the variance in the dependent variable. The implications for substance abuse prevention and intervention efforts are discussed. 相似文献
59.
Paul H. Lysaker Louanne W. Davis Nicole Beattie 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》2006,36(1):25-30
The Indianapolis Vocational Intervention Program (IVIP) is a cognitive behaviorally based program of group and individual
interventions that seeks to help persons with schizophrenia improve vocational function and sustain hope. In this study we
compared baseline and follow-up assessments of coping and metacognition among 50 participants with schizophrenia spectrum
disorders offered a six-month job placement and randomized to receive IVIP (n = 25) or standard services (n = 25). ANCOVA controlling for baseline suggest that the IVIP group gained greater ability to think about their own thinking
and to cope by seeing what were previously perceived as negative stressors in more positive light.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
60.