THE STUDY OF THE PROBLEM OF PICTORIAL PERCEPTION AMONG UNACCULTURATED GROUPS

L'étude du problème de la perception des images chez des peuples non occidentalisés. — Les psychologues sociaux se sont détournés de L'étude relativement stérile des différences raciales sous L'angle quantitatif pour se tourner vers la recherche, plus significative, des différences qualitatives dans L'expérience cognitive des groupes sans acculturation: L'étude de la perception des images est caractéristique de ce genre de recherches. Jusqu'à une période récente, on prenait pour garanti que les images réalisées selon les habitudes occidentales avaient une égale valeur didactique pour toutes les cultures. Or, les phénomènes d'erreurs de perception ont été explorés dans une série d'expériences, conçues pour étudier systématiquement les réponses perceptives aux conventions occidentales en matière de représentations: elles montrent que le noir illettré comprend mal les indices conventionnels utilisés ponr représenter la profondeur; le noir instruit fait également des erreurs perceptives ou répond de façon ambivalente. Chez les blancs, la manière conventionnelle de percevoir les images se développe à L'école primaire, mais dérive principalement du contexte culturel non formel, puisqu'un groupe de blancs instruits, mais isolés, fait les mêmes erreurs qu'un groupe de noirs illettrés: il est clair que la cause en est une privation perceptive spécifique, culturellement et non racialement induite. Outre les indices de profondeur, d'autres indices, comme la position ou L'orientation, créent des problèmes aux noirs dans L'interprétation des images. Les résultats de ces recherches semblent valider un modèle psychologique de hiérarchie dynamique des capacités: les capacités supérieures seraient moins affectées par les expériences liées à un milieu spécifique, mais la culture aurait un rôle formateur à jouer dans L'efficacité de capacités plus périphériques comme la perception des images. Cependant, sur la base de travaux expérimentaux plus récents, d'autres théories ont été avancées pour expliquer les données expérimentales: L'une d'entre elles propose de remplacer le principe d'habitude perceptive par celui de privation sémantique. Cette approche est trop sélective et n'explique pas les différences observées dans les réponses au cours d'expériences qui utilisaient conjointement des réponses verbales et des réponses manipulatoires. La dernière étude suggère que les erreurs dans la perception des images peuvent être dues à L'incapacité d'intégrer la totalité des stimuli perceptifs présentés dans L'image. L'auteur passe en revue une série de recherches appliquées, menées en Afrique du Sud, de L'Ouest et de L'Est ainsi qu'en Amérique du Sud et en Amérique Centrale, sur la perception des affiches et des représentations symboliques. Ces études corroborent L'existence des problèmes que rencontrent les non-occidentalisés dans la perception des images: les indices conventionnels utilisés pour représenter la profondeur sont sources de confusions; les représentations symboliques sont mal ou pas comprises; la simplification et la réduction des détails sont essentiels, mais la sursimplification, qui réduit le réalisme, peut aller à L'encontre de ce que voulait signifier L'artiste. La compréhension des images tend à être liée à la scolarisation et à L'urbanisation. Les affiches, bien que porteuses de messages spécifiques, n'évoquent souvent qu'une réponse générale; en ce sens, on peut dire qu'au mieux, elles préparent le percevant, en le prédisposant à recevoir le message. Il est essentiel, en premier lieu, que le matériel pictural soit adapté au niveau d'acculturation des percevants: ceci signifie qu'il faut utiliser une série de représentations qui soient appropriées aux niveaux d'acculturation des divers groupes concernés. En second lieu, les images et illustrations sont essentiellement des aides visuelles et en tant que telles, doivent être convenablement intégrées à la situation pédagogique totale. C'est seulement à ces conditions que le temps, les efforts et L'argent dépensés à les réaliser et à les utiliser seront des investissements fructueux.     

Examining changes in procedural justice and their influence on problem‐solving court outcomes

The number of problem‐solving courts has grown substantially since the mid‐1990s. Research consistently indicates that participation in these courts lowers recidivism, which is often attributed to defendants’ increased perceptions of procedural justice in these programs. Yet, prior studies are limited in their focus, often examining interactions with the judge in a single court or examining defendant perceptions and outcomes at a single time point. In the present study, we investigate defendant perceptions of procedural justice with judges and case managers across multiple problem‐solving courts over time. Findings indicate that procedural justice varies across court actors and over time. Procedural justice is lower among judges than among case managers; however, changes in perceptions of procedural justice with the judge are associated with improved court outcomes. We suggest that defendant perceptions are variable and complex but important in explaining variations in outcomes.     

The curse of knowledge: first language knowledge impairs adult learners' use of novel statistics for word segmentation

We investigated whether adult learners' knowledge of phonotactic restrictions on word forms from their first language impacts their ability to use statistical information to segment words in a novel language. Adults were exposed to a speech stream where English phonotactics and phoneme co-occurrence information conflicted. A control where these did not conflict was also run. Participants chose between words defined by novel statistics and words that are phonotactically possible in English, but had much lower phoneme contingencies. Control participants selected words defined by statistics while experimental participants did not. This result held up with increases in exposure and when segmentation was aided by telling participants a word prior to exposure. It was not the case that participants simply preferred English-sounding words, however, when the stimuli contained very short pauses, participants were able to learn the novel words despite the fact that they violated English phonotactics. Results suggest that prior linguistic knowledge can interfere with learners' abilities to segment words from running speech using purely statistical cues at initial exposure.     

An examination of the interactions between mothers and children with anxiety disorders

This study examined the association between parenting styles and mother and child anxiety. Maternal overinvolvement and negativity/criticism were evaluated during a speech preparation task (N = 135 dyads) and a Five Minute Speech Sample (FMSS) from mothers (N = 155). During the speech task interaction, mothers of anxious children (aged 4–16 years), regardless of their own anxiety, were observed to be more overinvolved than mothers of nonanxious children. Similarly, the FMSS showed that mothers of anxious children (aged 4–17 years) were more overprotective, self-sacrificing, or nonobjective than mothers of nonanxious children, irrespective of maternal anxiety status. No differences in maternal negativity were found on the speech task between any of the groups. However, the FMSS showed that mothers of anxious children were more critical than mothers of nonanxious children, regardless of maternal anxiety status. These results support the relationship between overinvolved, critical parenting and child anxiety, but suggest that maternal anxiety is not associated with increased overinvolvement or criticism. Theoretical implications are discussed.     

Controlled recall of verbal material in temporal lobe epilepsy

This study used a guided process‐dissociation procedure to examine the contribution of controlled and automatic uses of memory to a cued‐recall task in 24 patients with unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE: 12 left‐sided; 12 right‐sided), and 12 neurotypical controls. In an inclusion task, participants attempted to complete three‐letter word stems using previously studied words, in an exclusion task they aimed to avoid using studied words to complete stems. Patients with left TLE produced fewer target completions under inclusion conditions. Completion rates were not significantly different under exclusion conditions. Estimates derived from process dissociation calculations, confirmed that the cued‐recall deficit in left TLE patients arose entirely from impairment in controlled memory processes. There were no group differences in the estimates of automatic processes. Recognition judgements of stems corresponding to studied words did not differ between the groups. Overall the results support the view that controlled and automatic memory processes are mediated by separable neural systems. Hippocampal and related structures within the left MTL are more important than corresponding right hemisphere structures for the controlled retrieval of verbal material. In contrast, the findings from this study do not suggest that the left and right temporal lobes make a differential contribution to automatic memory processing. The theoretical and clinical relevance of these findings are discussed.     

An examination of the Self-Administered Interview as a verbal veracity assessment tool

The self-administered interview (SAI) is a written eyewitness recall tool that elicits more information from cooperative witnesses than written free recall (WFR) formats. To date, SAI research has examined the accounts of cooperative people providing honest reports. In the current experiment, truthful and fabricating participants (N = 128) either completed a WFR or a SAI after witnessing a crime (initial account). After a 1-week delay, participants were interviewed verbally (subsequent interview). Truth tellers reported significantly more detail than liars in both the initial account and subsequent interview, and participants who completed the SAI reported more detail than those completing the WFR. Truth tellers repeated and omitted more information in the subsequent interview than liars; however, there was no significant difference in the number of reminiscent details reported. Although the SAI is effective in eliciting information as an initial eyewitness reporting tool, no benefits for the detection of deception were demonstrated.     

Drawing the line: Drawing and construction strategies for simple and complex figures in Williams syndrome and typical development

In the typical population, a series of drawing strategies have been outlined, which progressively emerge during childhood. Individuals with Williams syndrome (WS), a rare genetic disorder, produce drawings that lack cohesion, yet drawing strategies in this group have hitherto not been investigated. In this study, WS and typically developing (TD) groups drew and constructed (from pre‐drawn lines and shapes) a series of intersecting and embedded figures. Participants with WS made use of the same strategies as the TD group for simple intersecting figures, though were less likely to use a typical strategy for more complex figures that contained many spatial relations. When replicating embedded shapes, the WS group used typical drawing strategies less frequently than the TD group, despite attempting to initiate a strategy that is observed in TD children. Results suggested that individuals with WS show a particular difficulty with replicating figures that include multiple spatial relations. The impact of figure complexity and task demands on performance are discussed.     

The influence of gender and ethnicity on children's peer collaborations

Gender and ethnicity are important aspects of children's everyday social relationships, yet little is known about how these social categories influence children's collaborative interactions. In the present study, 322 White (Caucasian) and South Asian boys and girls (mean age, 7.5 years) collaborated in pairs on easy and difficult versions of a model completion task. As expected, girls were less assertive than boys in conversation, yet this relation held only for all‐Asian pairs (i.e., an Asian boy and girl in conversation). Also consistent with expectations, levels of conversational affiliation were lowest in cross‐ethnic interaction. The influence of gender and ethnicity on conversations did not vary in light of contrasting cognitive demands of the tasks. Results are discussed in relation to work on effective peer collaboration and the potential role of contact in promoting positive ethnic and gender group attitudes.     

Tips to make research teaching and learning enjoyable and productive for counsellors,psychotherapists and their tutors

This article identifies the learning expectations and experiences of qualified counsellors and psychotherapists undertaking higher education awards with specific regard to research activity. Drawing on the current literature and some early findings from focus group research with students, combined with our personal and professional experiences, we identify what contributes to a productive research experience. This is used as a basis to provide tips for both teachers and those new to research to make counselling and psychotherapy research enjoyable and productive. A full research paper is in preparation.