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81.
Understanding animals’ abilities to cooperate with and learn from each other has been an active field of research in recent
years. One important basis for all types of social interactions is the disposition of animals to pay attention to each other—a
factor often neglected in discussions and experiments. Since attention differs between species as well as between individuals,
it is likely to influence the amount and type of information different species and/or observers may extract from conspecifics
in any given situation. Here, we carried out a standardized comparative study on attention towards a model demonstrating food-related
behavior in keas, dogs and children. In a series of experimental sessions, individuals watched different conspecific models
while searching, manipulating and feeding. Visual access to the demonstration was provided by two observation holes, which
allowed us to determine exactly how often and for how long observers watched the model. We found profound differences in the
factors that influence attention within as well as between the tested species. This study suggests that attention should be
incorporated as an important variable when testing species in social situations. 相似文献
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Podsakoff PM Todor WD Grover RA Huber VL 《Organizational behavior and human performance》1984,34(1):21-63
One assumption shared by many contemporary models of leadership is that situational variables moderate the relationships between leader behaviors and subordinate responses. Recently, however, R. J. House and J. L. Baetz (1979 in B. Staw & L. Cummings, Eds., Research in Organizational Behavior (Vol. 1), Greenwich, Connecticut, JAI Press) have suggested that the effects of some leader traits and behaviors may be relatively invariant; that is, have the same effects in a variety of situations. One possible class of leader behaviors which may have relatively consistent effects across situations are those known as leader reward and punishment behaviors. The first goal of the research reported here was to increase our understanding of the relationships between leader contingent and noncontingent reward and punishment behaviors and subordinate responses. Contingent reward behavior was found to have the most pronounced relationships with subordinate performance and satisfaction, followed by noncontingent punishment behavior. Neither leader noncontingent reward nor contingent punishment behavior were found to be related to either subordinate performance or satisfaction, with the exception that noncontingent reward behavior was negatively related to subordinates' satisfaction with work. The second goal of the research was to examine the effects of a variety of potential moderators on the relationships between leader reward and punishment behaviors and subordinate responses. The results of this study suggest that the relationships between leader reward and punishment behaviors and subordinates' performance are relatively free of moderating effects. 相似文献
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The Relationship Between Individual Inputs, Perceptions, and Multidimensional Pay Satisfaction 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Vandra L. Huber Patricia M. Seybolt Kathleen Venemon 《Journal of applied social psychology》1992,22(17):1356-1373
Within the framework of revised discrepancy theory, this study examines the relationships of individual inputs and perceptual variables on four facets of pay satisfaction among 301 university faculty members. Statistically controlling for common method variance, actual pay exerted a strong direct effect on such satisfaction. While individual inputs were differentially related to the four measures of pay satisfaction, the perceptual variables (performance, pay fairness, contingent pay, commitment, and job satisfaction) were directly related to at least one dimension of pay satisfaction but did not generally interact with actual pay. The findings suggest perceptual variables affect pay judgments directly, while individual variables may directly or indirectly be related to aspects of pay satisfaction. 相似文献
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Charles H. Huber 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1982,61(4):246-248
Bernstein, B.L, & Lecomte, C. Licensure in Psychology: Alternative Directions. Professional Psychology, 1981, 12, 200–208. 相似文献
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