“在场的”科学主体及其认知模式

传统上对科学的看法常常因为主体与客体绝对的二元对立而陷入困境,这个困境使得科学的真理观要么滑向客观主义的绝对主义,要么滑向主观主义的相对主义;这两种立场都没有恰当地反映出主体在科学实践中的恰当地位和作用。我们将以上述方式所看待的主体称为不在场的(non-present)     

“垂衣裳”与儒家礼制

“垂衣裳”早见于《易传·系辞下》,最初用以形容包括尧、舜在内的圣王形象.“衣裳”的色彩、图案、样式被认为源于圣人观象,体现“乾坤尊卑”之理.儒家将“衣裳”视为标示等级和管理社会的工具,认为“衣裳”根源于‘礼”,服务于“礼”,损益于“礼”,具有礼乐教化的功能.“垂衣裳而治”就是圣王以服制垂示天下,而天下大治.从“垂衣裳”可以窥探儒家“无为而治”之究竟.     

论公共道德研究的理论维度

公共道德简单说来就是指公共生活中的道德.由于中西文化在公私问题上都曾存在的政治维度和社会维度的混合问题,因而对公共生活和公共生活中的道德的理解和研究也就变得异常困难.制度伦理研究制度的正义问题,是我们研究公共道德的第一个基本理论维度;现代社会生活中的公民道德则包括日常生活中公民对制度规则应承担的道德责任以及对他者(陌生人)应有的态度、行为两个基本的层面,是我们研究公共道德的第二个基本理论维度.道德理论研究的这两个维度,也是我们推进伴随社会转型的新时期道德文化建设的两条基本路径.我们有必要把道德建设的重心转移到公共道德的培育上来.     

道德认知的测量

文章研究梳理了道德认知研究中的测量方法的理论脉络及其演进。道德认知的测量始于皮亚杰和科尔伯格的临床访谈法。后来者从中汲取精髓,采用量表的形式进行道德认知测评,比如莱斯特的确定问题测验以及林德的道德判断测验。随着内隐社会认知理论的发展,研究者将实验测量方法(比如IAT)用于道德认知测评。文章研究分析了各种测量方法的优势和劣势,并对未来的道德认知测量作出展望。     

记叙文阅读中人物第一印象的即时更新

采用移动窗口技术探讨读者在记叙文阅读中是否对人物第一印象进行即时更新。实验1探讨读者在阅读过程中是否会根据第一印象建构人物特征情境模型。实验2探讨已经形成的人物特征情境模型是否会受最近印象的影响得以更新。实验3探讨在明确描述人物特征的情况下,读者是否仍然会更新人物特征情境模型。研究结果表明,记叙文阅读中,读者会对人物第一印象进行即时更新,表现出首因效应向近因效应的转化。     

Hostility in the real world and online: the effect of internet addiction, depression, and online activity

Hostility online has not been evaluated by an empirical investigation. This study aims to evaluate (a) the difference between hostility in the real world and that online and (b) whether the difference is associated with Internet addiction, depression, or online activities. A total of 2,348 college students (1,124 males and 1,224 females) were recruited and completed the Chen Internet Addiction Scale, the Center for Epidemiological Studies' Depression Scale, and the questionnaire for online activity. Further, the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory-Chinese version-short form was utilized to evaluate hostility in both real and virtual worlds. The results demonstrated that the levels of all four dimensions of hostility were lower when getting online than those in the real world. Subjects with Internet addiction had higher hostility both in the real world and online as do subjects with depression. Further, college students with Internet addiction had increased expressive hostility behavior and those with depression had decreased hostility cognition, hostility affection, and suppressive hostility behavior when getting online. Lastly, the buffering effect of the Internet on hostility was attenuated among subjects paying the most online time in chatting, and those using the Internet mainly for online gaming had higher expressive hostility behavior not only in the real world but also online. These results suggest that attention should be paid to interventions concerning aggressive behavior among subjects with Internet addiction or online gaming and chatting. On the other hand, depressed college students would be less hostile after entering the Internet. It is suggested that the Internet would be one possible interactive media to provide intervention for depression.     

大学生自我同一性发展特点研究

目的:调查并探讨大学生自我同一性状态发展特点。方法:从湖南某大学随机抽取320名大学生,采用王树青等人修订的EOM-EIS-II量表作为测量青少年自我同一性的工具。结果:(1)大学生自我同一性的性别、独生和非独生、城乡的差异比较结果显示,不同性别、独生非独生大学生在自我同一性的一些维度上存在显著差异,而来自城市和来自农村的大学生之间不存在差异;(2)不同年级大学生的同一性状态得分的方差分析结果显示,不同年级大学生在总体获得、总体延缓、总体早闭、意识早闭、人际早闭、人际延缓和人际获得7个维度上差异显著。结论:大学生自我同一性的发展存在一定的不平衡性。     

Interword spacing in Chinese text layout

Three experiments using Chinese text were conducted to investigate word spacing and its effect on reading performance. In Exp. 1, a sonogram detector was used to analyze interword and intercharacter (within a word) time intervals from text read aloud by professional TV broadcasters versus college graduates. The results showed interword intervals were significantly longer than intercharacter intervals, indicating that interword spacing has psychological reality in speech. Exp. 2 examined the effect on reading performance due to separating the characters that compose a word. Separating the characters of a word did not decrease reading accuracy but did result in significantly longer reading times. Exp. 3 explored the effect of word spacing in Chinese sentences on reading performance. Analysis showed that word spacing did not affect reading accuracy, but half character and whole-character spacing significantly reduced reading time. The results of the present study suggest that word spacing in Chinese text layout enhances reading performance. Word spacing may help the reader to segment more quickly a string of characters into words and reduce the likelihood of misinterpretation. Also, ambiguity of sentence structure severely degraded reading accuracy. The implications of the results for word spacing design in Chinese text are discussed.     

The conception of depression in Chinese American college students

The conception of depression in Chinese American college students was examined with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies--Depression Scale (CES-D). It was hypothesized that, because of their significant engagement with mainstream American culture, these students' conception of depression would better approximate White Americans' differentiated view (L. Radloff, 1977) than the general Chinese American community's integrated view (Y. Ying, 1988). A total of 353 bicultural Chinese American college students participated in the study. Consistent with the hypothesis, principal-components factor analysis with varimax rotation revealed a factor structure and loading similar to that found in White American adults. Confirmatory factor analysis also showed Chinese American college students to better approximate Radloff's differentiated model based on her White American samples than Ying's integrated model based on her Chinese American community sample. Implications of the findings and directions for future research are discussed.     

Traits and stories: links between dispositional and narrative features of personality

Dispositional traits and life narratives represent two different levels of personality that have not previously been empirically linked. The current study tested five hypotheses connecting Big-Five traits to life-narrative indices of emotional tone, theme, and structure. Students (Study 1) and adults (Study 2) completed a self-report measure of the Big-Five traits and provided extended written accounts of either ten (students) or eight (adults) key life-narrative scenes, including life high points, low points, and turning points. Content analysis of the narrative data revealed that for both samples Neuroticism was positively associated with an emotionally negative life-narrative tone, Agreeableness was correlated with narrative themes of communion (e.g., friendship, caring for others), and Openness was strongly associated with the structural complexity of life narrative accounts. Contrary to prediction, however, Conscientiousness was not consistently associated with themes of agency (e.g., achievement, self-mastery) and Extraversion was unrelated to positive narrative tone. The results are discussed in the context of contemporary research and theorizing on the narrative study of lives and the relation of narrative research in personality to more conventional, trait-based approaches.