On the interdependence of temporal and spatial judgments

Three experiments are reported on the tau and kappa effects, the dependence of judgments of distance upon duration (tau) and of judgments of duration upon distance (kappa). In Experiment 1, three lights in a horizontal sequence were used to define two temporal and two spatial intervals over a total duration of 160 msec. The subject was required to choose the shorter of either the two durations or the two distances. The results confirmed Collyer’s (1977) findings that the two effects are inconsistently observed across subjects when the display duration is brief. In Experiment 2, display duration was systematically manipulated from 160 to 1,500 msec. It is argued that relative temporal judgments should become easier as the total display duration is increased and that, hence, the kappa effect should become less marked. On the other hand, relative spatial judgments should become more difficult as the total duration of the display is increased, and the tau effect should become more marked. The data were in conformity with the hypothesis. In Experiment 3, data are presented for a tau experiment which fit the assumption that the effect depends upon a weighted average of distance and the expected distance which would be traversed in the given time at constant velocity.     

The process of verifying affirmative and negative sentences against pictures

Experiments 1 and 2 investigated sentence context effects on picture encoding in a sentence-picture verification and a picture naming task, respectively. The results showed that a picture following a sentence was encoded faster when the two were congruent than when they were incongruent. Experiment 3 compared two conditions: Under one condition, true affirmatives, false affirmatives, true negatives, and false negatives were mixed in each block of presentation. Under the other condition, different sentence types were presented in different blocks. The results showed (l) that errors committed in verification were largely negation errors, but seldom falsification errors, and (2) that there was a decrease of falsification time, but a resistance to change in negation time from the mixed to the blocked presentation. These results were interpreted to mean that falsification time results from a longer time to encode the picture and to confirm or disconfirm the truth index value by the polarity of the sentence in false affirmatives and true negatives than in true affirmatives and false negatives, whereas negation time and negation errors result from a response-suppression operation.     

论詹姆逊乌托邦思想的政治维度

在现代西方哲学界,詹姆逊最为明确地高举起乌托邦旗帜。他继承了布洛赫的乌托邦思想,将总体性思想内嵌其中,并且始终把乌托邦作为一种政治策略来建构,因此他的乌托邦思想具有鲜明的政治维度。乌托邦的本质是政治无意识,借助总体性方法,乌托邦实现对社会历史总体性的揭示;而乌托邦的政治功能在意识形态与乌托邦的辩证法中得到充分凸显。     

从“自性”走向精神生命的“自由”与“平等”——庄子哲学理路解析

万事万物各具其理,其本原又与天地同归一气,气绵延统贯于万象,道承载于“天地之气”,“道体”亦即内在于主体的故有本性、规律。万事万物的本体自性俱足,无须孜孜向外求道,只需求诸于内。“自性”即主体自我反省时的迥然一念明觉,自性呈露既是“天道”,又是独具的“生成之理”,是“道”与“理”的统合。万物但能清虚自守,复归自性,“万物一体”之“道”即如如显现。纵然天地间万事万物各有所待,但当境自足,于是就形成了一个万象归复自性,又实则趋向于“道”的秩序井然的宇宙论模态与本体论体系。由自我本性之朗现,人之自性与物之自性和谐感应,故凡天下之物皆无不好,意见皆无不对,而得出万物齐同平等,主体精神生命“自由”实现的圆融哲学理路。     

A Longitudinal Study of Religiosity,Spiritual Health Locus of Control,and Health Behaviors in a National Sample of African Americans

The present longitudinal study examined religious beliefs and behaviors, spiritual health locus of control (SHLOC), and selected health-related behaviors and outcomes in a national sample of 766 African American adults. Participants were interviewed by telephone three times over a 5-year period. Results indicated that stronger religious beliefs and religious behaviors were associated with greater changes in active SHLOC. There was some evidence of direct effects of religious beliefs and behaviors on changes in health behaviors. Religious behaviors were related to greater passive SHLOC over time across some health outcomes. Passive SHLOC was associated with some less desirable health outcomes over time.     

A correlation between sickness or injury within two weeks,chronic diseases and fatigue among adults aged 18–45 years

To investigate the prevalence of fatigue, the relationship between sickness or injury within two weeks, chronic diseases and fatigue among adults aged 18–45 years. Thousand five hundred and seventy nine individuals were included in this cross-sectional study. The Chalder Fatigue Scale (CFS) was used to assess fatigue defined as CFS score ≥4. The prevalence of fatigue was 25% in this study. Our results showed that only sickness or injury within two weeks (odds ratio [OR]: 2.440) and chronic diseases (OR: 1.727) were significantly related to fatigue. Moreover, their ORs for fatigue remained the same in all models (binary logistic regression models with adjusting for demographic and health-related characteristics one by one). In conclusion, fatigue was prevalent among adults aged 18–45 years. Sickness or injury within two weeks and chronic diseases were the risk factors for fatigue independent of demographic and health-related characteristics.