The Theory of Reasoned Action and the Role of External Factors on Heterosexual Men's Monogamy and Condom Use1

Although the majority of prevention efforts have focused on women, reduction of heterosexual transmission of STDs also requires interventions for men, necessitating understanding of men's safer sex decision making. In a random sample of 486 heterosexually active men, the theory of reasoned action (TRA) was used to predict intentions to use condoms with casual partners, as well as 2 steady‐partner safer sex behaviors: mutual monogamy and condom use. The basic TRA model fit the data well. Expanded models identified the mediated (via attitudes, social norms, and self‐efficacy) and, for some, direct effects on intentions and behavior of selected intrapersonal, interpersonal, and sociocultural variables. Results suggest that the role of external variables might vary depending on the behaviors in question.     

和生原理与和谐基础理论

构建社会主义和谐社会的伟大实践内在地要求学术界进行相应的基础理论研究,解答自然系统、社会系统、人与自然系统等复合系统以及其中诸层次事物(子系统)和谐的状态效应、生成机理和演生过程等基本问题.     

消亡抑或复兴：人本心理学的未来

人本心理学在20世纪末遭遇了内外两方面的危机。但其形成的社会文化与心理学基础依然存在。主流心理学,特别是积极心理学的发展还为她提供了复兴机遇。在未来,人本心理学家需要重审自身使命,明晰研究主题,完善研究方法,保持开放态度,强化组织管理,以推动人本心理学走上复兴之路。     

整字、部件与笔画对笔画构成汉字的影响

该研究采用笔画构成汉字的实验范式,利用整字、部件、笔画作为启动材料考查了笔画构成汉字过程中整体与部分之间的关系。实验中要求被试用给出的笔画组（四划或五划）构成汉字,并且判断笔画组是否能够构成一个真实的汉字。结果发现整字在笔画构成汉字的实验过程中起到最为关键的作用。其次是笔画存在着明显的启动效应,部件的启动效应最弱。结论：在笔画构成汉字的过程中,主要以整字加工为主,笔画加工也起到了重要作用。     

Studying overt word reading and speech production with event-related fMRI: a method for detecting, assessing, and correcting articulation-induced signal changes and for measuring onset time and duration of articulation

A quantitative method is introduced for detecting and correcting artifactual signal changes in BOLD time series data arising from the magnetic field warping caused by motion of the articulatory apparatus when speaking aloud, with extensions to detection of subvocal articulatory activity during silent reading. Whole-head images allow the large, spike-like signal changes from the moving tongue and other components of the articulatory apparatus to be detected and localized in time, providing a measure of the time of vocalization onset, the vocalization duration, and also an estimate of the magnitude and shape of the signal change resulting from motion. Data from brain voxels are then examined during the vocalization period, and statistical outliers corresponding to contamination from articulatory motion are removed and replaced by linear interpolation from adjacent, uncontaminated data points. This quantitative approach to cleansing brain time series data of articulatory-motion-induced artifact is combined with a pre-scanning training regimen that reduces gross head movement during reading aloud to the levels observed during reading silently, which can be corrected with available image registration techniques. The combination of quantitative analysis of articulatory motion artifacts and pre-scanning training makes possible a much wider range of tasks involving overt speech than are currently being used in fMRI studies of language and cognition, as well as characterization of subvocal movements of the articulatory apparatus that are relevant to theories of reading skill, verbal rehearsal in working memory, and problem solving.     

The positives of negative emotions: willingness to express negative emotions promotes relationships

Four studies support the hypothesis that expressing negative emotion is associated with positive relationship outcomes, including elicitation of support, building of new close relationships, and heightening of intimacy in the closest of those relationships. In Study 1, participants read vignettes in which another person was experiencing a negative emotion. Participants reported they would provide more help when the person chose to express the negative emotion. In Study 2, participants watched a confederate preparing for a speech. Participants provided more help to her when she expressed nervousness. In Study 3, self-reports of willingness to express negative emotions predicted having more friends, controlling for demographic variables and extraversion. In Study 4, self-reports of willingness to express negative emotion measured prior to arrival at college predicted formation of more relationships, greater intimacy in the closest of those relationships, and greater received support from roommates across participants' first semester of college.     

海洛因戒除者的行为冲动性： 基于DDT和IGT任务反应模式的探讨

以61名男性海洛因戒除者和32名正常成年男性为被试,探讨了海洛因戒除者在延迟折扣任务和Iowa赌博任务两种决策条件下的冲动性反应模式及其关系。结果发现,海洛因戒除者的决策行为受其对即时强化的超敏感性或“即时收益优先”模式控制,其高冲动性特质既表现为对强化物长远价值的非敏感性,又表现为对强化物潜在风险的耐受性;该类人群上述两方面的特征虽有一定关联,但二者分别反应了其行为冲动性的两个相对独立的维度,且具有跨戒除时相的相对稳定性     

用生命演绎"自我与历史的戏剧"——美国现代思想家尼布尔思想综述

莱茵霍尔德·尼布尔是美国20世纪的神学政治哲学家.他的大量著述在当今的神学、伦理学、政治哲学等领域产生了很大的影响.对于这个人,国内学界关注较少,本文旨在对尼布尔的思想历程进行概要的介绍.     

心境影响自尊的记忆效应的研究

研究了心境在自尊的记忆效应中所起的作用.被试为181名大学生,30个特质形容词为刺激材料,采用2(自尊分组)×2(BDI分组)×2(参照条件)×2(词性)的混合实验设计,要求被试自由回忆特质形容词.以中性词或BDI分数为协变量进行了方差分析及简单效应分析,结果重复证实了既往研究发现的自尊的记忆效应模式,且发现不存在对于负向信息的自我参照效应.更为重要的是,研究结果证实自尊的记忆效应并非暂时的心境使然,而是特质自尊作用的结果.这一结果有助于加深对自尊的认知动力特性的认识.     

自信社会认知的自我-同学目标比较分析

本研究对大学生自信社会认知进行计量和非计量的自我一同学目标比较.自信水平报告和自信社会比较的分析表明:自信水平报告自我目标低于同学目标;自信水平报告的自我一同学比较与自我一同学自信社会比较之间并不完全一致;积极的比较关系和不稳定的自信反身意识是大学生自信水平社会认知的特点.自信内容重要性的分析表明:被肯定的自信特征内容包括自我调节、自我完善及有所作为等,被否定的则包括外貌仪表、伴侣家庭、未知领域及对问题的思考等.同时,自我目标自信内容结构相比同学目标更为分化和均衡,同学目标结构是相对简约便利.整个研究表明,两类目标具有不同的自信社会认知模式.