Do Parent–Adolescent Discrepancies in Family Functioning Increase the Risk of Hispanic Adolescent HIV Risk Behaviors?

In the family‐based prevention science literature, family functioning, defined as positive parenting, parental involvement, family cohesion, family communication, parental monitoring of peers, and parent–adolescent communication, has been shown to ameliorate HIV risk behaviors in Hispanic youth. However, the majority of studies have relied solely on parent or adolescent reports and we know very little about parent–adolescent family functioning discrepancies. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine whether and to what extent parent–adolescent discrepancies in family functioning increased the risk of HIV risk behaviors, including substance use and sexual risk behaviors, and whether these associations vary as a function of acculturation and youth gender. A total of 746 Hispanic 8th grade youth and their primary caregivers were included in the study. Structural equation modeling findings indicate that parent–adolescent family functioning discrepancies are associated with an increased risk of Hispanic adolescent HIV risk behaviors, including lifetime and past 90‐day alcohol and illicit drug use, and early sex initiation. In addition, study findings indicate that results vary by acculturation and youth gender. Findings are discussed in the context of existing family‐based research and practice in preventing and reducing HIV risk behaviors among Hispanic youth and their families.     

Confucian Dynamism,the Role of Money and Consumer Ethical Beliefs: An Exploratory Study in Taiwan

Consumer ethics is the moral principles and standards that guide consumers to determine the certain consumption behaviors are ethically right or wrong. Whereas cultural and personal dimensions are crucial constructs affecting individual ethical attitudes and behaviors, few studies consider Confucian dynamism and the role of money in consumer ethics. Confucian dynamism, a cultural dimension based on Confucianism, has played a central role in guiding moral obligations and ethics in human relations in several East Asian countries. Thus, this study tested its hypotheses using a sample of 521 respondents obtained via a systematic random sampling technique. The authors find that individuals with a higher tendency to Confucian dynamism are less tolerant of unethical practices. These findings also show that the role of money partially influences consumer ethical beliefs. Finally, we examine the impact of demographic variables and find age and education affect consideration of ethical values.     

外倾和神经质对情绪的影响

采用心理生理实验法和问卷法检验人格特质对情绪的影响。结果：高外倾的正情绪增强型调节多,正情绪也多;高神经质的负情绪增强型调节多,负情绪也多。厌恶情绪过程中,外倾的R-R间期增加大,躯体活动变化弱,快乐增加大,兴趣增加少;神经质的FT增加大,恐惧增强多。调节过程中,高外倾的FT增加大;神经质的FT增加弱,表情行为强度增强大。结论：外倾和神经质对厌恶情绪及其调节过程的情绪成分变化起复杂作用,配合其调节方式习惯,使各特质具有特别的情绪特点。     

Video game addiction in children and teenagers in Taiwan.

Video game addiction in children and teenagers in Taiwan is associated with levels of animosity, social skills, and academic achievement. This study suggests that video game addiction can be statistically predicted on measures of hostility, and a group with high video game addiction has more hostility than others. Both gender and video game addiction are negatively associated with academic achievement. Family function, sensation seeking, gender, and boredom have statistically positive relationships with levels of social skills. Current models of video game addiction do not seem to fit the findings of this study.     

道家、道教与道学

中国传统文化的主干向称儒、释、道三家(或称三教).自汉魏以来,史家多以"道家"一名混称老、庄之道家与张陵之道教.而"道学"一名既可指称"黄老之学",又为"宋明理学"之代名词.近世以来,学术界引入西学的概念,严格区分"哲学"(Philosophy)的道家与宗教(Reli-gion)的道教.而另外又有以"道学"之名涵盖"道家之学"者.而自19世纪以来,西方汉学界又以英文之Taoism或法文之taoisme统称中国的"道家"与"道教".于是,"道家"、"道教"与"道学"名称的内涵界定与使用范围遂成为学术界多年以来致力探讨的重要问题.本文拟从宗教文化与历史学的角度,通过考察道家思想衍变发展的五个历史阶段,即先秦老子之学与庄子之学,秦汉黄老之学,魏晋玄学,隋唐道教重玄学与宋元道教内丹心性学,来探索"道家"、"道教"与"道学"的内在联系与区别.笔者主张,"道家"一词可作两种不同的理解:一种是狭义的"道家"概念,就是确指自先秦老、庄之学,秦汉黄老之学至魏晋玄学的道家学术流派;另一种是广义的"道家"概念,就是既包括原来先秦自魏晋的"道家"学术流派,也包括东汉以后创立的中国本土宗教"道教".这样,既对现代学科意义上的哲学的"道家"与宗教的"道教"作出了明确的区分,更为重要的是表明了我们尊重自身文化传统的学术立场.至于"道学"的名称,笔者认为无论从历史的层面还是现实的层面都易于与原有的文化现象"理学"发生混淆,为学术长远计虑,使用似宜慎之.     

关于临床决策问题

医生在临床工作中做出明确诊断,并据此给予有效的处理均属于决策过程.制定决策的整个过程,同时也是进行决策思维的过程.近年来高新技术的迅猛发展以及医疗费用急剧增加,使制定决策更加复杂.如何进行正确的决策思维,做出最切实可行的和最佳的决策,对避免决策的盲目性、局限性及惰性具有重要的现实意义.     

Expectation and repetition effects in searching for featural singletons in very brief displays

We studied the effects of expectation and repetition on searching for singletons in very brief displays. In Experiment 1, we found that when a given feature defined the singleton for a whole block--so that in every trial the subject could expect a particular target feature--search accuracy was significantly higher than when the feature setting was randomly redetermined from trial to trial. However, an unexpected repetition triggered almost no advantage. In Experiment 2, we found no advantage for expected alternation. Experiments 3 and 4 demonstrated that there is little or no advantage for perception in conditions allowing only for target-feature facilitation or distractor-feature inhibition. We propose that in singleton search a division of feature space facilitates detection, and that this division works best under conditions of expected repetition. Experiment 5 replicated Experiment 1, but in Experiment 5 we examined response times and long display exposures. Results suggested that previous findings of singleton priming reflect mainly postperceptual factors.     

语法启动与言语产生中的语法表征

通过对语法启动研究的总结,对言语产生过程中语法编码过程进行了研究,说明了Pickering和Branigan提出的网络模型可以很好地描述言语产生中语法加工的过程。尤其是在产生大于一个词汇的短语或句子时,存在词条层关联节点的激活。关联节点可以编码语法规则,与言语产生过程中的语法加工直接相关     

关于临床决策问题

医生在临床工作中做出明确诊断,并据此给予有效的处理均属于决策过程。制定决策的整个过程,同时也是进行决策思维的过程。近年来高新技术的迅猛发展以及医疗费用急剧增加,使制定决策更加复杂。如何进行正确的决策思维,做出最切实可行的和最佳的决策,对避免决策的盲目性、局限性及惰性具有重要的现实意义。     

青少年身体自我的发展特点和性别差异研究

对1699名青少年学生用自编具有较好信度和效度指标的身体自我量表进行测试。结果表明：青少年学生对身体的满意度从“最满意”到“最不满意”依次是负面特征、相貌特征、性特征、运动特征和身材特征,随年龄的增长其发展呈现波动性,青春期早期和中期呈明显下降趋势,青春期后期有缓慢上升;身体自我在相貌特护、身材特征、性特征、负面特征方面都存在显著的性别差异,男生比女生对身体更满意;城市学生比农村学生对自己的身体更满意。