幼儿教师职业压力和心理资本对职业幸福感的影响:应对方式和文化的作用

为探索幼儿教师职业压力、心理资本、应对方式和文化对职业幸福感的影响,选取中国成渝两地和新西兰汉密尔顿市的幼儿教师共501名,用幼儿教师职业幸福感量表(KTOWBS)、幼儿教师职业压力问卷(KTOSQ)、教师心理资本问卷(TPCQ)、简易应对方式量表(SSWC)进行调查。结果表明:(1)控制学校性质和教师教龄影响后,幼儿教师积极应对中介心理资本对职业幸福感的影响,消极应对中介职业压力对职业幸福感的影响。(2)幼儿教师心理资本对积极应对、职业压力对消极应对以及消极应对对职业幸福感的影响皆受文化调节。以上研究结果有助于认识文化这种情景因素的重要性,从而有针对性地提高幼儿教师职业幸福感。     

健全人格取向的大学生心理健康结构初探

在文献综述的基础上,建构了健全人格取向的大学生心理健康的理论模型,并对大学生进行开放式问卷调查,再参考同类量表,拟定了大学生心理健康量表的题项.经过对4452名大学生进行测试,结果表明:健全人格取向的大学生心理健康包含:幸福体验、人际和谐、积极乐学、情绪调控、目标追求和勇于挑战等6个维度,本研究所编制的大学生心理健康鼍表具有良好的信效度.     

《荀子》的“类”观念

《荀子》的“类”观念有四种：一、感性经验价值世界中由“名”所指代的“实类”,即由“实”的感性和价值性特征的同异所区分的人类、物类和现象类等。二、事物和人事中,存在自然或人为关联的双方,是“相从类”。三、以礼义的要求来衡量而对人所区分的“类”。四、作为社会、进而整个人的价值世界之秩序系统的“统类”。这些类观念由广义的“统类”所统辖。《荀子》类观念的性质：一、感性,包括“以似为类”和“以从聚为类”两种情形。二、价值性。     

国际探索中心暑期研修班通讯

国际探索中心行使教育功能的机构是成立于1987年的国际探索中心研究所。该研究所是北美地区最早从事此类学术性教育项目的机构．得到中心众多研究人员与专家学者的参与和支持。该研究所为学员提供人文主义思想和实践的教育科目．尤其关注世俗人文主义的模式和科学探索。     

Reversing the Attention Effect in Figure-Ground Perception

ABSTRACT— Human visual perception is sometimes ambiguous, switching between different perceptual structures, and shifts of attention sometimes favor one perceptual structure over another. It has been proposed that, in figure-ground segmentation, attention to certain regions tends to cause those regions to be perceived as closer to the observer. Here, we show that this attention effect can be reversed under certain conditions. To account for these phenomena, we propose an alternative principle: The visual system chooses the interpretation that maximizes simplicity of the attended regions.     

Online interpretation of scalar quantifiers: insight into the semantics-pragmatics interface

Scalar implicature has served as a test case for exploring the relations between semantic and pragmatic processes during language comprehension. Most studies have used reaction time methods and the results have been variable. In these studies, we use the visual-world paradigm to investigate implicature. We recorded participants’ eye movements during commands like “Point to the girl that has some of the socks” in the presence of a display in which one girl had two of four socks and another had three of three soccer balls. These utterances contained an initial period of ambiguity in which the semantics of some was compatible with both characters. This ambiguity could be immediately resolved by a pragmatic implicature which would restrict some to a proper subset. Instead in Experiments 1 and 2, we found that participants were substantially delayed, suggesting a lag between semantic and pragmatic processing. In Experiment 3, we examined interpretations of some when competitors were inconsistent with the semantics (girl with socks vs. girl with no socks). We found quick resolution of the target, suggesting that previous delays were specifically linked to pragmatic analysis.     

Are errors differentiable from deceptive responses when feigning memory impairment? An fMRI study

Previous neuroimaging studies have suggested that the neural activity associated with truthful recall, with false memory, and with feigned memory impairment are different from one another. Here, we report a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study that addressed an important but yet unanswered question: Is the neural activity associated with intentional faked responses and with errors differentiable? Using a word list learning recognition paradigm, the findings of this mixed event-related fMRI study clearly indicated that the brain activity associated with intentional faked responses was different to the activity associated with errors committed unintentionally. For intentional faked responses, significant activation was found in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, the posterior cingulate region, and the precuneus. However, no significant activation was observed for unintentional errors. The results suggest that deception, in terms of feigning memory impairment, is not only more cognitively demanding than making unintentional errors but also utilizes different cognitive processes.     

文章结构清晰度对修改的影响研究

研究了文章结构清晰度对文章修改的影响。高低水平的作者各分别修改结构清晰度不同的材料。实验结果表明,文章修改质量的水平差异显著;文章结构清晰有助于修改者在修改过程中建构文章的整体模式,从而促进意义错误的修改。文章结构清晰度对修改的影响主要是通过影响工作记忆资源的分配而实现的。     

Avoiding Anxiety,Being in Denial,or Simply Stroking Self‐Esteem: Why Self‐Positivity?

This article studies the presence, resilience, and direction of the self‐positivity bias under various conditions to examine the role of self‐esteem maintenance as an important antecedent for the bias. Experiment 1 manipulates the perceptions of the uncontrollability of cancer and presence of base‐rate information as independent variables that together eliminate the self‐positivity bias in perceptions of the risk of cancer. Experiment 2 shows the same effects using 4 life events that differ in terms of valence and perceived controllability; that is, base‐rate information affects self‐estimates for uncontrollable life events, reducing the self‐positivity bias, but does not affect self‐estimates for controllable events. Experiment 3 shows that these effects only apply to optimistic individuals who fail to incorporate base‐rate information into their self‐perceptions for controllable events. In contrast, pessimists use base rates to update their self‐estimates irrespective of the controllability of the event. Overall, the pattern suggests that self‐positivity is attenuated in conditions that implicate self‐esteem. Implications for health care marketing are discussed.     

中学生责任心的理论构建研究

责任心是一种自觉地把分内的事做好的重要人格特质,具有多维度多层次的心理结构.参照有关文献建立了中学生责任心结构模型,编制出我国中学生责任心量表.通过对747名中学生的探索性因素分析和1009名中学生的验证性因素分析,结果表明该量表结构清晰,信度和效度较好,可以作为评鉴中学生责任心的有效工具.