美国精神健康复元运动的社会历史脉络

精神健康复元运动发轫于20世纪90年代的美国,强调以人为中心、由服务使用者驱动、以优势为基础,是形塑21世纪全球精神卫生政策的重要力量。通过对美国精神健康复元运动的系统爬梳,探诘其三大主要的社会历史脉络,即美国对严重精神障碍痊愈的认识转变、美国精神病学消费者运动的变迁、美国社会心理康复领域的发展,强调为推动国内精神卫生体系超越生物医学模式并实现以复元为导向的范式转移,需要持续改革的精神、精神障碍亲历者的参与、精神健康社会工作与临床心理学的人才建设以及更多有关复元的本土化研究。

     

Total surface of temporoparietal intrasylvian cortex: diverging left-right asymmetries

Measurements of the total convoluted surface area of cortex buried in the temporoparietal transition of the Sylvian fissure were performed using "three-dimensional" magnetic resonance morphometry in 10 randomly selected human cadaver brains. The measurements comprised the planum temporale, which covers the superior temporal gyrus posterior to Heschl's first transverse gyrus, and the caudally adjacent walls of the descending and ascending rami of the Sylvian fissure. Also, the total convoluted surface of the planum temporale was compared with its superficially exposed surface as determined by photographical planimetry after brain section, so that the index of cortical folding of the planum temporale could be estimated. The following results were obtained: Cortical folding of the planum temporale did not differ significantly between left and right hemispheres (p greater than .6). The total and the superficially exposed surface of the planum temporale showed significant leftward asymmetry (p less than or equal to .0078). In contrast, the total surface of cortex buried in the caudal segments of the Sylvian fissure posterior to the planum exhibited significant rightward asymmetry (p less than or equal to .016). The combined cortical surface area buried in the whole posterior Sylvian fissure caudal to the first transverse gyrus did not show significant left-right asymmetry (p greater than 0.3). The data suggest divergent lateral asymmetries in the posterior intrasylvian region with excesses of superior temporal cortex in left hemispheres and of supramarginal cortex in right hemispheres.     

Manipulating the QT interval of the ECG by cognitive effort

Abnormal prolongation of the QT interval of the ECG has been reported to indicate a hazard of sudden arrhythmic death. Therefore, with the aid of biofeedback from a newly devised instrument capable of measuring and recording the QT interval of the ECG in real time, ten healthy subjects, aided by biofeedback, attempted to shorten and also to lengthen QT. Although the changes achieved were relatively small, the ten subjects as a group were successful in both shortening and lenthening QT at the 0.01 level of significance. The degree of success varied, however, from person to person and from time to time in the same individual. If the findings reported here can be applied more generally to patients at risk for sudden death, and if biofeedback effects can be made to persist without reinforcement, it or other cognitive techniques may prove clinically useful for shortening QT.     

Regional gray matter volume mediates the relationship between family socioeconomic status and depression-related trait in a young healthy sample

Socioeconomic status (SES) is a complex phenomenon that is predicted by a broad spectrum of variables and is often conceptualized as a combination of financial, occupational, and educational influences. SES is associated with symptoms of depression and depression-related personality traits. Many studies have focused on the relationship between SES and depression symptoms in clinical subjects; however, there are few studies of the neural basis of the relationship between SES and depression-related personality traits in nonclinical subjects. Thus, in the present study, we studied the neural basis of the relationship between SES and depression-related traits. The first step was to use voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to investigate the neuroanatomical basis underlying family SES in a large sample of healthy subjects. We found a significant negative correlation between family SES and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) that extending to the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Then, the mediation analysis revealed that the correlation between family SES, especially family income, and depression-related traits were mediated by the region of the mPFC that extending to the ACC volume. These findings suggest that the family income may play more important role in driving depression-related traits than that of parental education. They also suggest that the mPFC extension to the ACC may play an important role in the correlation between familial SES, especially with respect to family income and the depression-related traits.     

Impaired Memory Retention and Decreased Long-Term Potentiation in Integrin-Associated Protein-Deficient Mice

Previously, we have demonstrated that integrin-associated protein (IAP) mRNA level is approximately fourfold higher in rats showing good retention performance (600 sec) than rats showing poor retention performance (<80 sec) in an inhibitory avoidance learning paradigm. In the present study, we have used the gene-targeted IAP-deficient mice to further investigate the role of IAP involved in memory formation and hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) in vivo. Results revealed that there was a significant impairment in memory retention and a significant reduction in the magnitude of LTP in IAP-deficient mice when compared with the wild-type and heterozygote mice, whereas the wild-type and heterozygote animals did not show marked differences on these measures. Furthermore, the impairment in retention performance of IAP-deficient mice was not due to different sensitivities of these animals to the electric shock. When we examined locomotor activity and rotarod treadmill performance, no differences were observed among these three groups of animals either. Western blot analysis confirmed the lack of IAP protein in IAP-deficient mice, whereas IAP expression was similar in both the wild-type and heterozygote controls. These results together demonstrate that IAP plays an important role in the process of memory formation and synaptic plasticity in mice.     

中国成人推理月份时间的加工模型

以两个实验对中国成年人推理月份时间的加工模型进行了探索。在实验一中未发现词表模型的距隔效应和方向效应。实验二的结果表明有越界效应,被试解决月份时间顺序作业与解决数字顺序任务在操作特征上有很大的相似性。本研究的结果表明,数字模型能较好地解释中国成年人推理月份时间的认知加工,而Friedman 提出的表象一词表模型则难以作出合理的解释。     

汉字独体字识别中的框架结构效应

本研究用两个实验证明了汉字独体字识别中存在框架结构效应。所谓框架结构就是构成一个字基本框架的笔画。实验一发现框架结构具有明显的启动效应。实验二发现独体字的识别从笔画开始,提取框架结构是独体字识别过程中的必经阶段,两个实验均未发现字频效应。     

Time-based prospective memory has plasticity in behavior under different monitoring conditions

Current Psychology - The practice effect of prospective memory is the phenomenon that the performance of prospective memory can improve through behavior training. There is indirect evidence from...     

Nonlinear Causality between Education and Health: the Role of Human Development Index

This study employs a panel smooth transition vector error correction model (PST-VECM) to explore the education-health causality. This model can grasp the characteristics of the causality in nonlinearity, heterogeneity, and time-variation. Empirical evidence from the 123 sample countries during 2001–2013 finds that the causality is nonlinear, time- and country-varying in both the long run and short run, depending on the development level of a country (measured by the human development index, HDI) in each period. For the developing and underdeveloped countries, the short run causality between education and health is unidirectional, running from education to health, whereas the long run causality is bidirectional. For the developed countries, the causality is bidirectional in both the short run and long run, and the two-way effect would be deferred from short run to long run. The policies for countries with different HDI scores to improve education and health outcomes are also provided.     

展开模型对EPQ反应数据的拟合调查

调查了拓广等级展开模型（GGUM）对EPQ反应数据的拟合情况。结果发现：（1）E量表最符合GGUM单维性的假设,即得到2个线性主成分,项目在这2个主成分上的负荷略微呈现一个半圆形的模式;（2）约束GGUM的阈限参数在项目间相等而得到的模型A在对EPQ的数据进行分析时是最简洁而有效的：（3）模型A和2PLM相比,前者在E和P上的拟合显著优于后者,在N上,两个模型提供了相似的拟合度。结果表明展开模型比优势模型更适合用于分析EPQ的数据。