儿童口语词汇获得年龄效应

获得年龄是指儿童第一次学会某个词的年龄。单词获得年龄效应是指早获得的词比晚获得的词加工快。该简要概述了获得年龄数据的收集以及获得年龄在成人词典加工中的作用,重点介绍了获得年龄效应与频率效应的关系的研究,并对获得年龄效应的机制进行了简要的评述。     

Uncertainty and risk during the COVID-19 pandemic: A latent profile analysis

In the present study, we examine how subgroups of people are characterized by different profiles of uncertainty surrounding COVID-19, susceptibility, and recovery. Participants (N = 199) were U.S. residents recruited online for a longitudinal study during the summer of 2020. We first, identified groups using latent profile analysis (LPA) and then examined whether these profiles predicted differences in COVID-related risky and preventative behaviors. LPA identified five distinct profiles of people representing a combination of low and high uncertainty and low, moderate, and high risk perceptions. Results revealed that latent-profile group membership predicted intention to interact with others outside of the household, intention to engage in non-essential shopping, intention to attend an in-person religious gathering, intention to wear a mask in public, and self-reported physical distancing in the past week. Profile membership did not predict intentions to: dine out, go to the nail/hair salon, go to the gym, nor physically distance from others in the future, nor did it predict handwashing in the past week.     

动词信息在汉语句子加工早期的作用

研究控制了汉语句子的及物动词与其直接宾语之间的搭配合适程度,分别利用听觉词汇监控和眼动技术,研究了动词的“宾语选择性限制信息”在句子加工早期的作用。实验发现动词与宾语搭配上的各种违反对目标名词（宾语）的加工产生了即时效应。结果表明,包括语义信息在内的各种词汇信息被通达后立即参与了汉语句子加工。     

前意识模型的提出和大学生情绪——心境的实验研究

本文首先介绍了内隐记忆研究的过程分离程序（ＰＤＰ）的独立模型和附着模型,提出了前意识模型的基本构想。实验以５０名大学生为被拭,考察了大学生的情绪－心境状况及其性别差异。结果表明：大学生对不同维度的情绪性词汇的敏感性有所不同;前意识模型以前意识为中介,可反映意识与无意识的动态关系。     

认知研究的新技术——一套图形标准化资料和计算机实验软件

本工作是建立一套适合我国特点并有利于开展跨文化研究的图形加工实验的技术资料。工作包括两部分:1.建立一套图形标准化常模。2.建立相应的图库及图一词实验计算机软件,其中包括识别、启动、同时匹配和Stroop四个实验程序。为保证实验的精度,程序编制中解决了图形的即时呈现、即时消失、刺激的随机呈现、反应时精度1毫秒等问题。     

恐惧情绪对大鼠学习记忆的影响

通过对４组不同处理背景动物操作条件学习的实验研究,观察强噪音下恐惧情绪对动物学习、记忆的影响以及怎样通过系统脱敏来减少恐惧在其中的作用。结果发现：恐惧组大鼠的操作条件学习具有第一次联系（健盘与食物之间）成功所需时间短、旧技能遗忘快、重新学习次数多和学习成绩差等特征;恐惧组大鼠与学习无关的恐惧行为增多,严重干扰学习的控制加工过程,影响学习任务完成;强噪音脱敏组大鼠学习过程、学习成绩的各项指标与控制组无差异。     

Cross‐cultural similarities and differences in the theoretical predictors of cyberbullying perpetration: Results from a seven‐country study

The Barlett Gentile cyberbullying model (BGCM) posits that correlated anonymity perceptions and the belief in the irrelevance of muscularity for online bullying (BIMOB) predict positive cyberbullying attitudes to predict subsequent cyberbullying perpetration. Much research has shown the BGCM to be the only published theory that differentiates traditional and cyberbullying while validly predicting cyberbullying. So far, however, the cross‐cultural ubiquity has gone understudied. Thus, 1,592 adult participants across seven countries (USA, Australia, Brazil, China, Germany, Japan, and Singapore) completed measures germane to the BGCM. Supporting the BGCM, the variables were significantly correlated for the entire sample, participants from independent cultures, and participants from interdependent cultures. However, the relationship between BIMOB and positive cyberbullying attitudes as well as the relationship between positive cyberbullying attitudes and cyberbullying perpetration were stronger for independent cultures. These results suggest that the BGCM postulates are mostly universal, but several relations appear to be culturally different. Theoretical implications are discussed.     

结构对称汉字识别的加工机制——部件识别的实验研究

从部件加工的角度设计了两个实验,分别运用部件启动作业和部件启动再认范式,考察了结构对称汉字识别的加工特点。结果发现:在部件加工层面也存在着显著的结构对称效应。即同一个部件,作为结构对称字的构成部件的启动效应明显大于它作为非对称字的构成部件的启动效应;作为结构对称字的构成部件被识别的反应时和错误率均显著地小于它构成非对称字时被识别的反应时和错误率。这意味着结构对称汉字中的部件(或笔画)比非对称汉字中的同样部件(或笔画)具有加工优势。显示出多层次的结构对称效应。     

亚词汇水平加工的本质:形旁的语音激活

该研究利用启动命名技术,探讨了汉字加工时是否存在着形旁的语音激活。把含有独立成字的形旁的合体字（如“躲”）作为启动字,与形旁同音的字（如“深”）作为目标字。结果发现,当合体字是低频字时,目标字的命名速度显著加快。高频合体字则没有此效应。集合Ｚｈｏｕ和Ｍａｒｓｌｅｎ－Ｗｉｌｓｏｎ关于声旁语义激活的研究,该文得出结论说,汉字亚同汇水平的加工与词汇水平的加工表现一样,两者之间并无本质性的差别。     

媒体暴力对大学生攻击性的长时效应和短时效应

本研究采取前后测实验设计,以内隐联想测验和Buss的攻击性问卷为研究工具,探讨了媒体暴力对大学生攻击性的长时效应和短时效应。结果发现:(1)个体实验前接触媒体暴力的程度越强烈,内隐攻击性越强,外显攻击性也越强;(2)接触暴力视频游戏10分钟就会增强个体的内隐攻击性,接触非暴力视频游戏10分钟对个体的内隐攻击性没有影响;接触暴力和非暴力视频游戏10分钟对个体的外显攻击性没有影响;(3)外显攻击性基线水平和游戏类型的交互作用不显著;内隐攻击性基线水平和游戏类型交互作用显著。内隐攻击性基线水平较高的个体,游戏类型对其内隐攻击性的影响差异不显著;内隐攻击性基线水平较低的个体,暴力视频游戏增加了他们的内隐攻击性,非暴力视频游戏对他们的内隐攻击性没有影响。