Characteristics of suicide attempters and nonattempters with schizophrenia in a rural community

In this study, demographic and clinical characteristics of individuals with schizophrenia in a Chinese rural community who had attempted suicide at some time in their lives and those who had not made a suicide attempt were compared. Among individuals with schizophrenia, subjects with (n = 38) and without (n = 472) a lifetime history of suicide attempt were assessed with the Present State Examination. The results indicate that attempters had a significantly younger age, higher level of education, higher rate of lifetime depressed mood and hopelessness, and a larger number of positive symptoms than patients without suicide attempts. The logistic regression models also indicated that hopelessness, the number of positive symptoms and age were the most important predictors. Early interventions focusing on reducing hopelessness and controlling positive symptoms may help reduce the risk of suicide attempts among patients with schizophrenia.     

Neonatal exposure to novel environment enhances hippocampal-dependent memory function during infancy and adulthood

Early life experience affects behavior and brain mechanisms. Handling rats during the first three weeks in life can slow age-related cognitive decline (as measured by a hippocampal-dependent spatial learning task) and reduce age-related hippocampal neuron loss. It is not clear, however, whether this early environmental influence on learning is selective for old age or is more general, affecting cognitive development during infancy and young adulthood as well. We briefly exposed neonatal rats to a novel non-home environment for 3 min daily during the first three weeks of life (as a component of the handling method). We found that this brief early environmental manipulation resulted in enhanced hippocampal-dependent learning immediately after weaning and that this learning enhancement persisted into adulthood. These results suggest that subtle early life events can affect cognitive development in all developmental stages and that changes in neural mechanisms other than neuron number are likely to mediate the learning enhancement at multiple developmental stages.     

Race, culture, and psychotherapy: transference to minority therapists

We present observations on the use of racial and cultural stereotypes in psychoanalytic psychotherapy with patients from the majority culture and with those from minority backgrounds. Earlier work has centered on black/white patient dyads and has not taken other possible combinations into account. "Race" and "culture" have sometimes been used synonymously. Our clinical experience indicates that there is some overlap in the themes of transferences to us as members of different racial minorities. We note, however, that for the African-American therapist, projections are more often based on racial stereotypes, whereas for the Chinese-American therapist, projections are based more on cultural assumptions. When careful attention is paid to the manifestations of racial and cultural stereotyping, much can be learned about the patient's inner life, to the benefit of the analytic work.     

统计学习的认知神经机制及其与语言的关系

统计学习是指个体在连续刺激流中发现转移概率等统计规律的过程, 在Saffran等(1996)的经典婴儿语音切分研究中首次被提出。大量研究证实了统计学习的普遍存在, 近期学界开始关注统计学习的特异性及其对认知的影响, 尤其是从学习过程及其特异性两个方面阐述统计学习的认知神经机制并揭示其和语言的交互作用。未来应从脑和行为的多模态数据视角, 丰富统计学习结果的行为和神经指标, 考察不同类型统计学习过程的动态神经活动模式, 建立统计学习行为和脑的关联, 深化对统计学习认知神经机制的认识, 在统计学习与语言交互作用的基础上, 从成人二语学习切入结合音乐统计学习训练探讨促进语言学习的统计学习干预手段。     

从司徒雷登看传教士和传教运动

司徒雷登是近代基督教传教士的典型人物。他一生做了两件对中国社会有影响的大事,一是办教育,尤其是成功创办燕京大学,获得中美各界赞誉;二是当美国驻华大使,以失败告终。他在中国办教育、出任大使,是为了同一个目的:以基督教精神改造中国。他爱中国,但更爱美国。他努力融合中西文化,提倡基督教本色化。从司徒雷登身上,可以看出:中国近代基督教传教运动是列强对外扩张的组成部分,而传教士往往是出于宗教热情参与其中。传教士主观上是传教,客观上促进了中西文化交流。今天,在殖民体系崩溃、全球经济一体化、区域文化多元化的时代背景下,依附于殖民体系的"差传"模式已成历史,取而代之的只能是相互交流和合作。     

老年甲状腺结节的诊治经验

介绍笔者及科室老年甲状腺结节的诊治经验,对2003年1月至2009年12月期间共收治的144例年龄大于60岁的老年甲状腺结节患者进行分析和总结。老年甲状腺结节以多发为主;压迫症状、异物和不适感、继发性甲状腺功能亢进是老年甲状腺结节患者主要的手术指证;术中发现喉返神经和甲状旁腺有脂肪沉着;病理方面良性结节的钙化率较高;患者术后切口水肿比较明显;暂时性低钙血症的发生率较高;虽然术前麻醉ASA评分较低,但术后心肺并发症的发生率并未上升。老年甲状腺结节患者以全麻为宜,最好采用双甲近全切除术,这不仅可避免术后复发和再次手术率,更可减少甲状腺素制剂的用量,减少药物副作用。     

左右半球在语篇理解中的协同作用

通过2例一侧颞叶损伤患者研究了一侧颞叶损伤及两侧半球的协同作用对语篇理解的影响,并探讨了发生此种影响的可能机制。结果表明一侧颞叶的损伤将导致患者语篇水平的理解障碍及语言推理能力的下降;提示语篇理解需双侧半球的协同作用,而推理能力下降可能是引发语篇理解障碍的原因之一。     

安德瑞·高兹哲学思想研究评述

对于中国学界来说,安德瑞·高兹(AndréGorz,1924—)绝对算不上是一个陌生的名字。早在1982年出版的《“西方马克思主义”》一书中,徐崇温先生就对高兹做过介绍,在他稍后的另一本著作《“西方马克思主义”论丛》(1989年)中,徐先生也有一篇专门介绍高兹思想的长文。并且,在一年后出版的由罗伯特·戈尔曼编的《“新马克思主义”传记辞典》的中译本中也有“高兹”这一词条,并有相关的论述。1990年出版的《马克思主义哲学史》(8卷本)中也有对高兹的论述。同年出版的李青宜先生的《“西方马克思主义”的当代资本主义理论》一书中用两节的篇幅对…     

社会应激对成年后进行群体隔离的大白鼠的行为的影响

本文观察了在成年后进行群体隔离的大白鼠与群居鼠在摄食、饮水、睡眠等方面的行为差异。着重观察了社会应激对成年后进行群体隔离的动物的行为的影响,以研究群体隔离时动物的年龄与过去生活经验是不是动物在社会应激时发生的行为改变的关键因素。 结果表明:群居与隔离两种环境对动物摄食、饮水和体重无明显影响,但隔离动物睡眠时间较群居动物短。即使在成年后进行群体隔离、社会应激对隔离动物的摄食、饮水、睡眠和攻击性行为的影响也比群居组明显。但进行群体隔离时动物的年龄和隔离前有较长时间的群居生活经验可大大减轻社会应激时行为反应的强度,也可使适应过程发生得快些。这说明早期环境和过去生活经验的重要性。社会应激影响饮水和摄食的方式随年龄而改变,年龄较大的群居鼠对社会应激的适应可能比年龄较轻的群居鼠差。     

Testing a model of codependency for college students in Taiwan based on Bowen's concept of differentiation

The purpose of this study was to test a model of codependency based on Bowen's concept of differentiation for college students in Taiwan. The relations between family‐of‐origin dysfunction, differentiation of self, codependency traits and related symptoms including low self‐esteem, relationship distress and psychological adjustment problems were examined. Data were collected from 567 college students from 2 large, urban universities in northern Taiwan. Results indicated a significantly negative relationship between levels of codependency and self‐differentiation and that self‐differentiation partially mediated the relationship between family‐of‐origin dysfunction and codependency. The implications of these findings for counselling Taiwanese college students who experience codependency traits and related symptoms as well as suggestions for future research are discussed.