Comparing More Revision and Fixed-Point Theories of Truth

Journal of Philosophical Logic - Kremer presented three approaches of comparing fixed-point and revision theories of truth in Kremer (Journal of Philosophical Logic, 38(4), 363–403, 2009)....     

智慧的特质论与状态论：分歧、统整与新解

特质论与状态论之争是智慧研究领域新兴的热门话题。特质论认为智慧是稳定且不易干预的人格特质;状态论认为智慧是一种相对容易波动的心智状态,短期内可以改变且容易受外在情境的影响。基于人格心理学研究的“密度分布说”则为特质论与状态论之争提供了系统的整合模型。受此启发,本研究在以往理论的基础上提出“特质-状态正态分布假说”,旨在进一步补充完善“密度分布说”并为特质论与状态论研究提供新的理论视角。未来研究仍需结合多种智慧测量手段,加强纵向追踪研究,探索智慧本质观与密度分布说的关系,开展相应的跨文化研究。     

Popularity Procurement and Pay Off: Antecedents and Consequences of Popularity in the Workplace

Purpose

This study examines agreeableness and work knowledge as predictors of employees’ popularity above and beyond core self-evaluation (CSE), and the moderating role of these constructs on the CSE–popularity relationship. We also investigate popularity’s effects on supervisor-rated task performance and promotion potential, and the conditional indirect effects of CSE on these outcomes via popularity.

Design/Methodology/Approach

Multi-source data were collected from 213 employees, their coworkers, and direct supervisors in a Chinese mine trading company.

Findings

Agreeableness predicted popularity above and beyond CSE and moderated the CSE–popularity relationship, although the direct and moderating effects of work knowledge were nonsignificant. Popularity positively influenced performance ratings but not promotion potential. Results also supported conditional indirect effects of CSE on performance ratings via popularity.

Implications

The current findings underscore the importance of examining workplace popularity. Discovering agreeableness as an additional predictor of popularity and its moderation effects on the CSE–popularity link suggests that communal qualities are important for employees’ attainment of popularity. The discussion also focuses on expanding the scope of workplace popularity to include performance-related outcomes. Lastly, this study considers how employee characteristics connect to performance ratings through popularity.

Originality/Value

Workplace popularity is relatively unexplored but has tremendous organizational implications. This research advances the understanding of how to attain workplace popularity and the boundary conditions for the relationship between CSE and popularity. It also extends consequences associated with workplace popularity beyond interpersonal outcomes and assesses the role of popularity, a construct rooted in collective perception, in explaining links between employee characteristics and performance-related outcomes.

     

群体决策过程中的信息取样偏差

一般认为,决策群体的优势是能综合各个成员拥有的不完整信息,形成对所有决策备择方案的无偏差的认识,从而作出最佳选择。但“群体讨论中的有偏差信息取样模型’认为,群体在决策中往往表现出倾向于讨论两种信息：(1)各成员讨论前都拥有的信息;(2)支持成员在讨论前所偏好的信息。该实验通过模拟人员选拔决策形式的实验室实验,对这一模型的假设进行验证。研究结果表明,大多数群体选择了一开始受到大多数成员支持的候选人,而非实际的最佳人选;群体讨论非但未纠正,反而加强了成员对候选人原有的歪曲印象。     

神经细胞粘附分子的唾液酸化作用对小鸡记忆的影响

神经细胞粘附分子的多聚唾液酸化不仅影响发育阶段神经元之间的相互作用,而且在学习记忆过程中也起着重要的作用。实验中的特异切割神经细胞粘附分子和多聚唾液酸之间α－２,８键在内神经氨酸苷酶ｅｎｄｏｎｅｕｒａｍｉｎｉｄａｓｅ ＮＥ定位注射到一日龄小鸡脑ＩＭＨＶ内,此酶明显破坏小鸡对一次性被动回避反应的记忆保持。这种破坏作用与酶的剂量有关,小于４μｇ的内神经氨酸苷酶对小鸡的记忆没有明显的影响。对胚胎第２０天     

社会运行、社会秩序与王朝的治乱盛衰——中国社会思想史研究的新视野

社会运行理论与中国社会思想史研究具有内在的同一关系,为了有效达成"了解过去,解释现在"的宗旨,中国社会思想史研究必须立足当下现实,并回归传统情境.不可以现成的、先验的尺度在资料文献中辨认寻绎社会思想,而应运用社会运行论的知识框架与理论范式,综合考量某个社会精英或学术流派的思想学说和行动主张,逻辑呈现他们如何以社会秩序为中心,从不同角度、不同层面回应社会问题和社会矛盾.进而展开去乱求治的理性思考与实践.     

条件推理的类比转换运用

该文通过2个实验研究旨在探究将演绎推理和类比推理结合在一起的四卡条件推理的类比转换运用的特点。结果表明：1）假设检验的条件推理过程在特定的实验条件下,表现出推理过程转换的心理加工特点;2）改善问题的陈述形式,使之和样例问题一样,能够降低推理过程转换的难度,促进推理过程转换的成绩;3）2个样例归纳的图式促进同形问题的解答,却对推理转换过程有抑制作用。     

北京流动儿童的流动性、社交焦虑及对孤独感的影响

选取1164名流动儿童、525名北京儿童和568名农村儿童为被试,考察流动儿童的流动性、社交焦虑和孤独感的关系。结果表明：（1）流动儿童的城市流动性和住房流动性偏高,而学校流动性相对偏低;（2）在社交焦虑和孤独感方面,流动儿童显著高于北京儿童和农村儿童;住房和学校流动性高的儿童显著高于流动性低的儿童;（3）流动儿童的流动性对其孤独感没有显著的预测作用,而社交焦虑有显著的预测作用,预测系数为30．2％。流动儿童存在较高的社交焦虑和孤独感,社交焦虑能够显著预测孤独感。     

初中生的自尊、受益者特征与亲社会行为的关系

以初中一至三年级学生为对象,采用自尊量表（SES）和帮助行为调查问卷进行测查,以探讨自尊、受助者特征对其亲社会行为的影响。结果表明：（1）在社会道德认知和自我意愿层面上,大多数初中生能表现出积极的亲社会性助人趋向,部分学生的行为决策判定具有不一致性;（2）初中生的自尊程度不影响对他人需要的注意、归因以及行为方式的选择,但与帮助行为的价值取向、行为意愿等认知、情感因素有关,能直接影响自主性的亲社会行为;（3）初中生有关潜在受益者特征的某种认知结果及其相应的情感体验,对帮助型亲社会行为趋向有重要影响;（4）初中生的自尊及其所知觉的潜在量益者特征在亲社会行为趋向中交互作用不显著。     

The temporal dynamics of detached versus positive reappraisal: An ERP study

Detached reappraisal and positive reappraisal are regarded as two distinct types of cognitive reappraisal strategy, and the former is considered more disengaging than the latter. The conceptual framework of emotion regulation choice posits that strategies involving disengagement operate earlier and more efficiently than engagement strategies. Here, we compare for the first time the temporal dynamics of detached and positive reappraisal during the regulation and re-exposure phases thereof by measuring event-related potentials. During the regulation phase, pictures were viewed or regulated using detached or positive reappraisal. During the re-exposure phase, the same pictures were viewed again. Results showed that during regulation, central-parietal late positive potentials (LPPs) were greatly attenuated under both strategy types, with the regulation effect of detached reappraisal occurring earlier than that of positive reappraisal and resulting in a stronger attenuation of LPP amplitudes. Upon re-exposure, detached reappraisal exerted enduring effects on self-reported arousal and the central-parietal LPP, whereas positive reappraisal had an enduring effect only on pleasantness. These findings demonstrate the differential effects of detached and positive reappraisal on valence, arousal, and neural responses, and underline the striking differences in the temporal dynamics of these reappraisal strategies.