上大学前、后生活事件与大学生心理健康的关系研究

本研究分析了大学生的心理健康特点以及生活事件对其的影响,结果表明：（1）SCL-90量表得分在心理健康的总体状况、焦虑、敌对、精神病性上存在年级与经济收入的交互作用,月均经济来源在200元以下的大学生,随着年级的升高,心理症状愈加严重;（2）影响大学生心理健康的生活事件均为负性生活事件,生活事件能解释大学生的心理健康总体水平变异量的30．1％;（3）上大学前后的生活事件在性质上的差异具有个体发展的阶段特点;（4）上大学后的生活事件对大学生的心理健康总体水平的影响约占27．4％,上大学前的生活事件的影响约占2．6％。     

男性少年犯与同龄中学生人格特征的比较研究

采用加利福尼亚心理调查表(CPI-RC)对178男性少年犯和219名同龄男性中学生进行了测查。结果表明：(1)少年犯与同龄中学生的人格特征存在显著差异,少年犯的自我确认、社会价值内化、成就潜能、生活和社会态度、自我实现和个人整合水平都较同龄中学生差;(2)在人格类型上,少年犯与同龄中学生亦存在差异,少年犯的人格类型以常规异向居多。     

想象重要他人对自我评价转移的影响

研究目的：本研究的目的是在中国文化背景下,考察想象不同的重要他人对于个体自我评价转移的影响,并探讨自尊在其中的调节作用。考虑到大学生年龄相当,拥有相似的角色经验,故本研究选用了大二女生作为被试。研究选择了三类重要他人：父母、同性朋友、异性朋友（包括男朋友）,由于每一类重要他人所对应的关系自我各不相同,所以研究编制了针对不同重要他人的自我评价特质词表,作为因变量测量的工具。 过程与方法：本研究设计了两个实验,实验中将用到录音机。实验一为单因素实验设计,在三个实验室同时展开,各个实验室的想象重要他人分别为父母、同性朋友、异性朋友。主试告知参与者,本实验将进行一项大学女生的想象力测试,首先聆听一段描写风景的散文录音,进行想象练习。然后请她们在头脑中想象一位指定的重要他人,比如想象重要他人的形象、语言、行为等特征,尽可能详细生动。想象结束,首先请被试回忆并填写刚才想象的主要内容。然后告诉被试,另一个课题组正在搜集有关“当代大学生自我形象”的资料,请她们帮忙填写《自我评价特质词表》,对自己的一些特质进行评价。最后,主试向参与者致谢并进行了解释。实验二的想象重要他人为同性朋友和男朋友,实验过程与实验一基本一致,在自我评价测量中采用了专门针对“同性朋友”和“男朋友”的量表,并在想象完成后填写自尊量表。 结果与结论：本研究所有统计检验的显著性水平在a<0.05的水平上进行。研究探讨了中国文化背景下大学女生的关系自我评价特质,发现其与西方文化背景下的关系自我评价特质显著不同。证明了想象重要他人影响个体自我评价的维度,并会产生自我评价转移的现象,没有发现自尊变量的调节作用。     

不同模糊程度下的模糊决策的ERP研究

选取"二择一的选择任务",以风险决策任务为基线,对不同概率区间所代表的三种不同模糊程度(0-100%、20-80%、40-60%)下的模糊决策进行了神经机制上的探究,结果发现:(1)三种不同模糊程度下的模糊决策在脑电上不存在差异;(2)与三种不同模糊程度相对应出现的三种相同风险程度的风险决策,在脑电上的激活有所不同;(3)三种模糊程度下的模糊决策与相对应出现的三种相同风险程度的风险决策,只有在40～60%和50～50%的条件下,脑电上是存在差异的。这些结果表明:被试在做决策时所依赖的参照点是相对的而不是绝对的;在40～60%和50～50%条件下,被试的决策过程有冲突的,是最困难的。     

Visual orientation in a mirror world tilted 90 degrees

Previously, we showed that many supine observers in a furnished room tilted 90 degrees perceive themselves and the room as upright. We called this the "levitation illusion" because the arms feel weightless when held out from the body. We now report that a familiar scene viewed by supine observers through a mirror at 45 degrees appears vertical when, optically, it is horizontal and above the head. However, the body feels pitched upright only partially. This visual-righting effect, like the levitation illusion, is due to the polarity axis of the scene being accepted as vertical even in the presence of conflicting information from the gravity sense organs. In experiment 1 we tested the potency of objects containing either intrinsic polarity (due to familiar tops and bottoms) or extrinsic polarity (due to support relationships) to generate a visual-righting illusion. To almost all observers, a blank surface seen in the mirror appeared like a ceiling. A scene containing an object with intrinsic polarity, such as a chair or person, seen in the mirror appeared vertical to almost all observers. A scene containing a pair of objects with only extrinsic polarity, such as a ball on a shelf (but not a ball under a shelf), also appeared vertical to most observers. In experiment 2 we found that a polarised scene was more likely to produce a visual-righting illusion when it was arranged as a view through a window rather than as a picture inside a room.     

The statistical analysis of general processing tree models with the EM algorithm

Multinomial processing tree models assume that an observed behavior category can arise from one or more processing sequences represented as branches in a tree. These models form a subclass of parametric, multinomial models, and they provide a substantively motivated alternative to loglinear models. We consider the usual case where branch probabilities are products of nonnegative integer powers in the parameters, 0_s1, and their complements, 1 - _s. A version of the EM algorithm is constructed that has very strong properties. First, the E-step and the M-step are both analytic and computationally easy; therefore, a fast PC program can be constructed for obtaining MLEs for large numbers of parameters. Second, a closed form expression for the observed Fisher information matrix is obtained for the entire class. Third, it is proved that the algorithm necessarily converges to a local maximum, and this is a stronger result than for the exponential family as a whole. Fourth, we show how the algorithm can handle quite general hypothesis tests concerning restrictions on the model parameters. Fifth, we extend the algorithm to handle the Read and Cressie power divergence family of goodness-of-fit statistics. The paper includes an example to illustrate some of these results.This research was supported by National Science Foundation Grant BNS-8910552 to William H. Batchelder and David M. Riefer. We are grateful to David Riefer for his useful comments, and to the Institute for Mathematical Behavior Sciences for its support.     

Global and Regional Perspectives on Testing Children and Youth: An Empirical Study

The results of an international survey of test use in 44 countries are reported. Data are presented and discussed for six groupings: highly industrialised, less industrialised Western, developing Third World, socialist, Middle East, and least developed nations. A total of 740 tests were identified. A number of similarities exist among the six groupings in their test use. Intelligence tests are most commonly used followed by personality and achievement tests. Important differences also exist. For example, the developing Third World and Middle East nations use more group than individually administered tests and fewer achievement tests. Many tests lack reliability and validity studies and norms. Additional tests are needed to assess achievement, intelligence, social development, personality, and vocational interests and aptitudes. Tests are especially needed for children and youth who are learning disabled, mentally retarded, and slow learners. Problems created by these conditions and implications of the frequent use of foreign developed tests are discussed.     

小剂量吗啡对大鼠活动性的影响

腹腔注射不同剂量吗啡,观察各组大鼠在给药后不同时间的活动性（ｌｏｃｏｍｏｔｏｒａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ,ＬＡ）,连续给药８天,每天给药后９５ｍｉｎ内,每间隔１５ｍｉｎ,记录大鼠５ｍｉｎ内在限定空间中所走格数。结果表明：随吗啡给药剂量或次数增加,ＬＡ呈升高趋势;使大鼠ＬＡ明显兴夯的适宜低剂量为４ｍｇ／ｋｇ／ｄａｙ,该剂量下每天药后１５－２０ｍｉｎＬＡ为峰值,而且此时段ＬＡ逐日升高,至第８日出现下降趋势,此毕     

法显西行起始及归国时间考--兼论“南国律学道士”

佛教东传后,我国西行求法的高僧代不乏人,其中东晋时期的法显法师“创辟荒途”[1],乃是我国历史上第一批到达印度的僧人,而且是第一位从陆路去、海路回的僧人。本文就法显西行求法的起始时间、归国时间及与之相关的“南国律学道士”等问题作一考察。