条件推理的类比转换运用

该文通过2个实验研究旨在探究将演绎推理和类比推理结合在一起的四卡条件推理的类比转换运用的特点。结果表明：1）假设检验的条件推理过程在特定的实验条件下,表现出推理过程转换的心理加工特点;2）改善问题的陈述形式,使之和样例问题一样,能够降低推理过程转换的难度,促进推理过程转换的成绩;3）2个样例归纳的图式促进同形问题的解答,却对推理转换过程有抑制作用。     

北京流动儿童的流动性、社交焦虑及对孤独感的影响

选取1164名流动儿童、525名北京儿童和568名农村儿童为被试,考察流动儿童的流动性、社交焦虑和孤独感的关系。结果表明：（1）流动儿童的城市流动性和住房流动性偏高,而学校流动性相对偏低;（2）在社交焦虑和孤独感方面,流动儿童显著高于北京儿童和农村儿童;住房和学校流动性高的儿童显著高于流动性低的儿童;（3）流动儿童的流动性对其孤独感没有显著的预测作用,而社交焦虑有显著的预测作用,预测系数为30．2％。流动儿童存在较高的社交焦虑和孤独感,社交焦虑能够显著预测孤独感。     

多元化社会中道德教育的困境及其超越

在一个价值多元的社会中,基于理性的规范伦理学的普遍化诉求成为一种虚幻,同时,在后现代主义者的解构下,价值多元中蕴藏着一种价值虚无的危险.走出道德相对主义,寻求一种最低限度的道德共识,成为摆脱道德生活危机的出路所在.在多元化社会中,基于美德伦理学的品格教育不失为一种富有启发性意义的德育选择.     

"情绪劳动"要求与情绪耗竭:情绪劳动策略的中介作用研究

文章目的是通过量表调查法来研究情绪劳动要求、情绪劳动策略和情绪耗竭之间的关系,以及验证情绪劳动要求和策略量表的结构维度.研究使用调查某大型公司营业厅和客服人员的424份有效问卷进行分析.验证性结构方程模型分析显示,情绪劳动要求和情绪劳动策略量表具有良好的结构效度;结构方程模型分析显示,情绪劳动策略在情绪劳动要求和情绪耗竭之间起到一定的中介作用.具体为:专注度分别通过表面行为、深度行为和中性调节影响情绪耗竭;规则性通过中性调节影响情绪耗竭;严格性通过表面行为和深度行为影响情绪耗竭;多样性可以直接或通过表面行为影响情绪耗竭.     

双语控制的神经基础及其对第二语言教学的启示

双语加工和控制的认知神经科学研究发现,与一般性执行功能有关的最关键的脑区前额皮层,以及其它的相关脑区及神经基础如前扣带回、基底神经节和下顶叶等参与了双语语言理解和语言产生的双语控制中。这些研究成果对于利用第二语言促进认知控制能力的发展,以及利用认知控制训练促进高效率的第二语言教学有着重要的启示。     

初中生的自尊、受益者特征与亲社会行为的关系

以初中一至三年级学生为对象,采用自尊量表（SES）和帮助行为调查问卷进行测查,以探讨自尊、受助者特征对其亲社会行为的影响。结果表明：（1）在社会道德认知和自我意愿层面上,大多数初中生能表现出积极的亲社会性助人趋向,部分学生的行为决策判定具有不一致性;（2）初中生的自尊程度不影响对他人需要的注意、归因以及行为方式的选择,但与帮助行为的价值取向、行为意愿等认知、情感因素有关,能直接影响自主性的亲社会行为;（3）初中生有关潜在受益者特征的某种认知结果及其相应的情感体验,对帮助型亲社会行为趋向有重要影响;（4）初中生的自尊及其所知觉的潜在量益者特征在亲社会行为趋向中交互作用不显著。     

高中生人际信任、疏离感和公民责任意识的关系研究*

探讨高中生的人际信任、疏离感、公民责任意识三者之间的关系。以《高中生人际信任量表》、《青少年学生疏离感量表》和《公民责任意识问卷》为测试工具,在天津市中学随机抽取316名在校学生为被试,进行调查研究。统计结果表明：高中学生人际信任、疏离感和公民责任意识之间存在显著相关。对这三个变量进行中介效应分析,结果发现,疏离感分别部分中介了人际信任的三个维度人品信任、能力信任、行为一致性与公民责任意识之间的关系。人际信任的三个维度既可以直接地影响公共责任意识,也可以通过疏离感来间接地影响高中生的公民责任意识。     

Bilingualism alters children's frontal lobe functioning for attentional control

Bilingualism is a typical linguistic experience, yet relatively little is known about its impact on children's cognitive and brain development. Theories of bilingualism suggest that early dual‐language acquisition can improve children's cognitive abilities, specifically those relying on frontal lobe functioning. While behavioral findings present much conflicting evidence, little is known about its effects on children's frontal lobe development. Using functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), the findings suggest that Spanish–English bilingual children (n = 13, ages 7–13) had greater activation in left prefrontal cortex during a non‐verbal attentional control task relative to age‐matched English monolinguals. In contrast, monolinguals (n = 14) showed greater right prefrontal activation than bilinguals. The present findings suggest that early bilingualism yields significant changes to the functional organization of children's prefrontal cortex for attentional control and carry implications for understanding how early life experiences impact cognition and brain development.     

Assuring me that it is as ‘Good as New’ just makes me think about how someone else used it. Examining consumer reaction toward marketer‐provided information about secondhand goods

The current study explores consumer reaction to marketer‐provided information regarding secondhand products. Contamination fears and repugnance have not been addressed at length in consumer research. This study seeks to understand why consumers react negatively to used goods from a perspective of the Accessibility and Diagnosticity of information, addressing the issue of consumer reaction elicited by information about contamination of those goods by others. Specifically, it looks at the process of information processing in consumer reaction to marketer‐provided information, assuring them that secondhand goods are as good as new. Two studies were done to determine the difference in consumer reaction to information about a pair of pants between three conditions: used pants, used pants with assurance that they are as good as new and new pants. Results find that consumers may react negatively to positive marketer‐provided information, even if they believe it. Even though marketer‐provided information can persuade consumers to believe that a secondhand product is as good as new, consumer reaction is more negative than if consumers saw no such information. Negative emotions revolving around perceived contamination are elicited by this information that influences consumer reaction seemingly independent of beliefs about used goods. These results have implications for understanding the impact of information processing on consumer reaction to secondhand goods and to marketing communications in general. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The temporal dynamics of detached versus positive reappraisal: An ERP study

Detached reappraisal and positive reappraisal are regarded as two distinct types of cognitive reappraisal strategy, and the former is considered more disengaging than the latter. The conceptual framework of emotion regulation choice posits that strategies involving disengagement operate earlier and more efficiently than engagement strategies. Here, we compare for the first time the temporal dynamics of detached and positive reappraisal during the regulation and re-exposure phases thereof by measuring event-related potentials. During the regulation phase, pictures were viewed or regulated using detached or positive reappraisal. During the re-exposure phase, the same pictures were viewed again. Results showed that during regulation, central-parietal late positive potentials (LPPs) were greatly attenuated under both strategy types, with the regulation effect of detached reappraisal occurring earlier than that of positive reappraisal and resulting in a stronger attenuation of LPP amplitudes. Upon re-exposure, detached reappraisal exerted enduring effects on self-reported arousal and the central-parietal LPP, whereas positive reappraisal had an enduring effect only on pleasantness. These findings demonstrate the differential effects of detached and positive reappraisal on valence, arousal, and neural responses, and underline the striking differences in the temporal dynamics of these reappraisal strategies.