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Summary Among mathematical models of visual confusion of letters and similar material, those that posit a feature detection process have been especially popular. The present study provides direct tests of several of the central assumptions of such models with feature-stimuli composed of the blank, one of two straight line features, or both line features positioned at a right angle. In one condition, the two features were connected when they appeared together, whereas in the other condition they were separated by a gap. A model which makes the strong assumptions that the features are sampled (detected) independently and then reported in a direct, unbiased fashion, performed acceptably in both conditions. Feature dependency models and those positing a biased decision process were ruled out on the basis of poor fits or lack of parsimony. The perceptibility (d) of a specific feature depended on the stimulus that contained it in the Gap condition but not in the Connected condition. The relative perceptibility of the horizontal vs in the vertical features was also different in the Gap vs Connected conditions. The results were compared with other recent studies, including ones in which sampling independence was falsified, apparently because of greater stimulus complexity, and employing a stimulus set that did not contain all possible combinations of features.We would like to thank J.T. Berning for help in conducting the experiments. The first and second authors were supported by NSF Grant #BNS 76-84053 and the third author by Purdue Research Foundation Grant #XR 0104 during the early portions of this research. The latter portions were aided by National Science Foundation Grant #BNS 79-20298 to the first author. The third author is now at Human Performance Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210. Send for reprints to Dr. James T. Townsend, Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA 相似文献
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Xiangen Hu 《Behavior research methods》1999,31(4):689-695
Multinomial processing tree (MPT) models have been widely used by researchers in cognitive psychology. This paper introduces MBT.EXE, a computer program that makes MPT easy to use for researchers. MBT.EXE implements the statistical theory developed by Hu and Batchelder (1994). This user-friendly software can be used to construct MPT models and conduct statistical inferences, including point and interval estimation, hypothesis testing, and goodness of fit. Furthermore, this program can be used to examine the robustness of MPT models. Algorithms for parameter estimation, hypothesis testing, and Monte Carlo simulation are presented. 相似文献
265.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of imagining favorable or unfavorable foods on the amplitude of EGG recordings. 40 subjects were assigned to Favorable food and Unfavorable food groups in which they were asked to imagine eating a list of favorable foods or unfavorable foods. Subjects sat in a chair for 16 min, of baseline measurement prior to the 16 min. of food imagining. Electrogastrographic (EGG) activities were recorded continuously throughout. Using Fast Fourier Transform analysis, the spectral power of EGG activity of 3 cycles per minute (cpm) was calculated, and the ratios of EGG 3 cpm spectral power for the period of food imagining and baseline were obtained. The EGG amplitude at 3 cpm during imagining eating a list of unfavorable food was significantly lower than that of the baseline period and the EGG ratio between the food-imagining and baseline periods was significantly lower in the Unfavorable group than in the Favorable food group. It appears that imagining eating unfavorable food significantly inhibited gastric motility as indexed by decreased power of EGG activities at 3 cpm. 相似文献
266.
Both sleep and emotion are known to modulate processes of memory consolidation, yet their interaction is poorly understood. We examined the influence of sleep on consolidation of emotionally arousing and neutral declarative memory. Subjects completed an initial study session involving arousing and neutral pictures, either in the evening or in the morning. Twelve hours later, after sleeping or staying awake, subjects performed a recognition test requiring them to discriminate between these original pictures and novel pictures by responding "remember,"know" (familiar), or "new." Selective sleep effects were observed for consolidation of emotional memory: Recognition accuracy for know judgments of arousing stimuli improved by 42% after sleep relative to wake, and recognition bias for remember judgments of these stimuli increased by 58% after sleep relative to wake (resulting in more conservative responding). These findings hold important implications for understanding of human memory processing, suggesting that the facilitation of memory for emotionally salient information may preferentially develop during sleep. 相似文献
267.
Against the backdrop of COVID-19 pandemic, we draw on family systems theory to elucidate how daily work-from-home status (WFH) affects both members in dual-earner couples. We propose that the WFH exerts intra-individual and inter-individual influences on employees’ and their partners’ work task and family task completion and their subsequent reactions to their work and family experiences. We examined the hypothesized relationships with two daily survey studies on dual-earner couples conducted during the pandemic (i.e., 1,559 daily responses of 165 dual-earner couples from China in Study 1, and 773 daily responses of 57 dual-earner couples from South Korea in Study 2). The two studies provide converging results that working from home (vs. office) increased employees’ family task completion for both husbands and wives and that wives working from home (vs. office) decreased husbands’ family task completion. Further, in both studies, daily work task completion increased felt guilt toward family (for wives only) through increased work-family conflict, and daily family task completion increased psychological withdrawal from work through increased family-work conflict for both husbands and wives. Moreover, we found in Study 2 that on days when husbands had flexible work schedule, wives completed more work tasks when working from home (vs. office) and that on days when wives had inflexible work arrangement, husbands completed more family tasks when working from home (vs. office). Across the two studies, there were no clear gender-difference patterns in husbands’ and wives’ work and family experiences. 相似文献
268.
Even though the violent conflicts during the Troubles officially ended decades ago, the memories of violence and division between Catholics and Protestants linger in Northern Ireland. We argue that the personal centrality of collective victimhood, which is formed by the memory and perception of past and ongoing victimization, may play an important role in people's attitudes in postconflict societies. The current study investigated both the antecedents and outcomes of the personal centrality of ingroup victimhood in Northern Ireland and examined the vital role it plays in the aftermath of a violent intergroup conflict among Catholics and Protestants. The results demonstrated that ongoing experiences of victimization such as personal and group-level discrimination and memories of personal and close others' suffering are strongly related to people's personal centrality of ingroup victimhood. The centrality of ingroup victimhood, in turn, predicted various strategies for intergroup interaction and policy preferences such as collective action, support for nonviolence, and attitudes toward reunification of Ireland, which were moderated by group membership. The findings provide empirical evidence for the role of the centrality of ingroup victimhood as a link between experiences of victimization and intergroup interactions as well as policy preferences. 相似文献
269.
论三段论推理过程中结论正确性的两种判断标准 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
人们进行三段论推理加工时是根据什么标准来判定推理结论的正确性的?实验结果支持下述观点:人们在进行三段论推理过程中,在判定推理结论的正误时,存在两种判定标准:一种是“形式标准”,另一种是“内容标准”;两种判定标准对于人们判定结论的正确性都有影响,哪个判定标准的影响力更大依赖于人们已掌握的知识结构。 相似文献
270.
通过总结人类问题求解的特点,我们提出了问题求解的一种中转站系统框架。本文采用口语报告分析所进行的研究表明该框架是一种问题求解方面的知识结构和有效的启发式求解策略。实验证明了次序性、熟悉性、类似性和系统控制性是决定求解能力和效率的关键因素。说明了中转站及其排序、强规则和弱规则及其相互配合、以及中转站系统的控制策略在较大程度上反映和模拟了人在求解复杂的专门问题时的知识结构和控制过程。 相似文献