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61.
Statisticians typically estimate the parameters of latent class and latent profile models using the Expectation-Maximization
algorithm. This paper proposes an alternative two-stage approach to model fitting. The first stage uses the modified k-means
and hierarchical clustering algorithms to identify the latent classes that best satisfy the conditional independence assumption
underlying the latent variable model. The second stage then uses mixture modeling treating the class membership as known.
The proposed approach is theoretically justifiable, directly checks the conditional independence assumption, and converges
much faster than the full likelihood approach when analyzing high-dimensional data. This paper also develops a new classification
rule based on latent variable models. The proposed classification procedure reduces the dimensionality of measured data and
explicitly recognizes the heterogeneous nature of the complex disease, which makes it perfect for analyzing high-throughput
genomic data. Simulation studies and real data analysis demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method. 相似文献
62.
The visual system possesses a remarkable ability in learning regularities from the environment. In the case of contextual cuing, predictive visual contexts such as spatial configurations are implicitly learned, retained, and used to facilitate visual search-all without one's subjective awareness and conscious effort. Here we investigated whether implicit learning and its facilitatory effects are sensitive to the statistical property of such implicit knowledge. In other words, are highly probable events learned better than less probable ones even when such learning is implicit? We systematically varied the frequencies of context repetition to alter the degrees of learning. Our results showed that search efficiency increased consistently as contextual probabilities increased. Thus, the visual contexts, along with their probability of occurrences, were both picked up by the visual system. Furthermore, even when the total number of exposures was held constant between each probability, the highest probability still enjoyed a greater cuing effect, suggesting that the temporal aspect of implicit learning is also an important factor to consider in addition to the effect of mere frequency. Together, these findings suggest that implicit learning, although bypassing observers' conscious encoding and retrieval effort, behaves much like explicit learning in the sense that its facilitatory effect also varies as a function of its associative strengths. 相似文献
63.
64.
In order to assess the effectiveness and the moderators of the effects of solution-focused group therapy (SFGT) in ethnic Chinese school settings, we used a meta-analytic method to synthesize 24 studies from Taiwan and China. The results showed that the overall effect sizes of SFGT’s immediate and follow-up effects were 1.03 and 1.09, respectively, and were positive and large in ethnic Chinese school settings. The overall SFGT immediate effect size was large for all school levels, except for junior high schools (d = .61). The overall SFGT immediate effect size for internalizing behavior problems was 1.06, and for family and relationship problems it was .94. This study offers significant evidence pointing to SFGT’s high degree of effectiveness in ethnic Chinese school settings. Implications for the use of SFGT in school settings and Chinese culture are discussed. 相似文献
65.
Shelley Ching-Yu Hsieh Chun-Chieh Natalie Hsu 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》2010,39(6):505-522
This study examines the effect of familiarity, context, and linguistic convention on idiom comprehension in Mandarin speaking
children. Two experiments (a comprehension task followed by a comprehension task coupled with a metapragmatic task) were administered
to test participants in three age groups (6 and 9-year-olds, and an adult control group). Laval (Journal of Pragmatics 35(2):723–739,
2003) showed that familiarity had an effect on idiom comprehension for French 9-year-olds. However, our finding showed that
familiarity was important for 6-year-old Chinese children when a context was not given. Abkarian et al. (Journal of Speech
and Hearing Research 35:580–587, 1992) claimed that context has little or no effect on comprehension for children under 6.
Our results show that context has an effect on 6-year-old children’s understanding of idioms in a different way. Overall,
our major research findings are: (1) Familiarity first appeared in responses at age 6. (2) Context played an important role
in idiom comprehension and had different effects on different age groups. (3) Linguistic convention starts from age 6 on,
and a significant effect took place at the age of 9. (4) Metapragmatic knowledge showed at the age of 6 and could surface
even younger. As context and linguistic convention have a substantial effect on the comprehension of idioms, it is necessary
to take them into account to explain language functioning and communicative situations. 相似文献
66.
Accounts of subjective randomness suggest that people consider a stimulus random when they cannot detect any regularities
characterizing the structure of that stimulus. We explored the possibility that the regularities people detect are shaped
by the statistics of their natural environment. We did this by testing the hypothesis that people’s perception of randomness
in two-dimensional binary arrays (images with two levels of intensity) is inversely related to the probability with which
the array’s pattern would be encountered in nature. We estimated natural scene probabilities for small binary arrays by tabulating
the frequencies with which each pattern of cell values appears. We then conducted an experiment in which we collected human
randomness judgments. The results show an inverse relationship between people’s perceived randomness of an array pattern and
the probability of the pattern appearing in nature. 相似文献
67.
Yuling Hsu 《The Journal of psychology》2019,153(3):307-326
This study examined the mediating role of capability-oriented imagination between personality traits and creativity, by combining two sub-studies. A total of 612 student participants were recruited from universities in Taiwan. Study 1 calibrated the factors of the three variables and validated three instruments of the variables, and the results were consistent with previous studies. The results also indicated that the relationships among the variables of the full five-factor personality traits, capability-oriented imagination, and two-feature creativity were valuable, which prompted further examination. Study 2 adopted structural equation modeling, which not only validated the mediating role of imagination between five-factor personality traits and two-feature creativity but also revealed that various personality traits can improve original or useful creativity through imagination as a mediator. The originality aspect of creativity can be jointly predicted by the variables of initiating and conceiving imagination, with influence (in order, high to low) from openness, conscientiousness, and agreeableness. The creativity aspects of usefulness can be jointly predicted by the variables of transforming and conceiving imagination, with influence (in order, high to low) from conscientiousness, openness, and agreeableness. The study also proposes directions for future research. 相似文献
68.
Participants performed a priming task during which emotional faces served as prime stimuli and emotional words served as targets. Prime-target pairs were congruent or incongruent, and two levels of prime visibility were obtained by varying the duration of the masked primes. To probe a neural signature of the impact of the masked primes, lateralized readiness potentials (LRPs) were recorded over motor cortex. In the high-visibility condition, responses to word targets were faster when the prime-target pairs were congruent than when they were incongruent, providing evidence of priming effects. In line with the behavioral results, the electrophysiological data showed that high-visibility face primes resulted in LRP differences between congruent and incongruent trials, suggesting that prime stimuli initiated motor preparation. Contrary to the above pattern, no evidence for reaction time or LRP differences was observed in the low-visibility condition, revealing that the depth of facial expression processing is dependent on stimulus visibility. 相似文献
69.
Chun‐Hsi Vivian Chen Hsu‐Mei Lee Ying‐Jung Yvonne Yeh 《International Journal of Selection & Assessment》2008,16(3):210-219
This study investigates how the ingratiation and perceived similarity of a job applicant can affect the judgment of an interviewer in determining person–organization fit (P–O fit), hiring recommendations and the job offer during a job interview. Data were collected from 144 interviewers and 184 applicants from 28 companies in Taiwan. The results suggest that applicant ingratiation has a positive effect on an interviewer's perceived similarity with the applicant, and that this perceived similarity mediates the relationship between applicant ingratiation and the interviewer's judgment of the applicant's P–O fit. The results further suggest that the relationship between the interviewer's judgment of the applicant's P–O fit and the job offer is mediated by hiring recommendations. Implications and directions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
70.