Pitch as a phonemic cue

Three experiments that were designed to determine how pitch information is represented in auditory memory are reported. A same-different reaction time was used in all three experiments. Previous experiments have interpreted the finding of faster “same” responses to acoustically identical pairs than to pairs that are phonemically identical but acoustically distinct as indicating that there is a memory that preserves auditory information. It has been assumed that this can be used to match “same” pairs only if the formant frequencies of the members of the pair are the same. In the first experiment, the size of this matching advantage for pairs with identical formant frequencies was not altered when the members of the pair were on different pitches. This indicates that pitch is represented separately from the formants at the auditory level. The second and third experiments used a bigger pitch difference when the pairs were on a different pitch, which, for one of the stimulus sets, resulted in a change in vowel quality but not in the identity of the consonant. In the other stimulus set, both phonemes of the syllable remained the same when presented on different pitches. The matching advantage was reduced when the stimuli were on different pitches for both stimulus sets. This indicates that a difference in pitch can prevent matching at the auditory level under some circumstances. An additional finding, a reduced residual matching advantage when the syllable changes, indicates that at least a syllable-length representation is held in auditory memory. The results are discussed with respect to how the representation in auditory memory might be used in the perception of speech produced by different speakers.     

SENSATIONS, SWATCHES, AND SPECKLED HENS

Abstract: We argue that there is a interesting connection between the old problem of the Speckled Hen and an argument that can be traced from Russell to Armstrong to Putnam that we call the “gradation argument.” Both arguments have been used to show that there is no “Highest Common Factor” between appearances we judge the same – no such thing as “real” sensations. But, we argue, both only impugn the assumption of epistemic certainty regarding introspective reports.     

Auditory backward-masking performance by children who stutter and its relation to dysfluency rate

The fluency of people who stutter is affected markedly when auditory feedback is altered, suggesting that stuttering may be associated with hearing. Peripheral hearing problems, however, are no more common in people who stutter than in those who do not. Performance was investigated in a task that involves central auditory processing (backward masking). Children who stuttered had deficits in backward masking (indicated by higher thresholds) compared with a group of fluent control children. The backward-masking thresholds were positively correlated with frequency of stuttering.     

Intrusive thoughts and avoidance in breast cancer: Individual differences and association with psychological distress

Abstract Eighty-five women with newly diagnosed breast cancer were classified on the basis of high and low levels of cancer-related intrusive thoughts and avoidance at diagnosis, and their psychological adjustment was studied prospectively at 3 and 6 months post diagnosis. Patients who initially reported high levels of both intrusive thoughts and avoidance and those who reported high levels of intrusive thoughts but low avoidance experienced the highest levels of anxiety and depression symptoms, and continued intrusive thoughts and avoidance. Patients who were high in avoidance but low in intrusive thoughts also experienced adjustment problems, including increased intrusive thoughts, when compared with patients who were low in both types of symptoms. The findings highlight the value of considering subgroup differences in patterns of intrusion and avoidance as predictors of subsequent psychological adjustment to breast cancer.     

Sleep quality, sleep propensity and academic performance

We examined associations between measures of sleep propensity on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, sleep quality on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and academic performance by GPA and grades in introductory psychology for 414 students. In the total sample, neither sleep propensity nor sleep quality correlated with GPA or introductory psychology grades. However, among students carrying a full course load, those reporting poor sleep quality performed less well on academic measures than those reporting a better quality of sleep. Further research is needed to assess the moderating influence of overall demands of daytime functioning on the association between sleep quality and academic performance.     

Some properties of auditory memory for rapid formant transitions

In the three experiments reported here, subjects indicate whether two sequentially presented syllables, differing in the place of articulation of an initial stop consonant, are phonernically the same or not. The first experiment finds faster |ldsame” responses to acoustically identical pairs than to pairs that are phonemically identical but acoustically distinct. provided that the second syllable is presented within 400 msec of the first. This is interpreted as indicating the persistence of a memory which preserves auditory information about within-category distinctions. The third experiment shows that this advantage remains when a tone is interposed between the two syllables, but is removed when a brief vowel is similarly interposed. The second experiment presents the second syllable of each pair dichotically with a noise burst, and shows that the size of the right-ear advantage for this reaction time task is reduced when the result of comparisons based on this auditory memory is compatible with the required phonemic decision, but that the right-ear advantage is increased when auditory comparisons would contradict the phonemic relationship.