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871.
Psychopathic personality disordered patients would, by virtue of a failure to self-regulate, be expected to show diminished amplitudes of feedback-related brain potentials. Among a sample of personality disordered patients detained at different levels of security, those who met a Psychopathy Checklist (PCL) criterion of 25 or above were identified (N = 27). Their event-related brain potentials (ERPs), together with those of their nonpsychopathic counterparts (N = 22) and healthy male controls (N = 20), were measured while they performed a visual Go/No Go task, with feedback given for correct and incorrect performance. Psychopathic patients showed a significantly reduced amplitude of an early frontal negative ERP component maximally evoked by negative feedback, and a high rate of errors of commission. Findings are consistent with the idea that psychopathic patients' unsuccessful attempts to self-regulate reflect a cognitive deficit characterised by a failure to attend and respond to a mismatch between expected and obtained outcomes. 相似文献
872.
This study examined relationships between a composite of several facet‐level traits within the five‐factor model (FFM) of personality and outcomes across 3 phases of behavioral self‐regulation. The goal of this research was to investigate the potential of the compound trait approach as an alternative to predicting self‐regulatory outcomes based on the full FFM, conscientiousness or other FFM factor‐level traits, or any individual facet‐level trait within the FFM. These relationships were investigated using a sample of 312 participants completing both goal‐related questionnaires and a decision task designed to simulate aspects of self‐regulated performance within organizations. Consistent with hypotheses, the collection of traits within the composite – assertiveness, activity, achievement striving, deliberation, dutifulness, self‐discipline, and ideas – performed as well or better than any single factor or facet of the FFM. The future research and practice implications for goal propensity, a compound trait related to all phases of behavioral self‐regulation, are discussed. 相似文献
873.
Renee?J.?ThompsonEmail author Howard?Berenbaum 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(3):323-334
Diminished assertiveness has been associated with neuroticism, depression, and anxiety. Although many assertiveness instruments
have been developed for research and clinical purposes, one common shortcoming is a lack of discriminant validity with regard
to aggression. Further, the wording of many instruments is outdated and discriminatory. The goal of the present research was
to develop a more sensitive instrument measuring two distinguishable forms of assertiveness: adaptive assertiveness and aggressive
assertiveness. We present data validating such a measure, the Adaptive and Aggressive Assertiveness Scales (AAA-S). Participants
included two samples of college students and a clinical sample of adults with anxiety disorders. The AAA-S demonstrated good
internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The aggressive assertiveness scale was associated with various forms of
aggression and peer reports of aggressive assertiveness. The adaptive assertiveness scale was associated with competence and
peer reports of adaptive assertiveness. Importantly, there were no gender differences in adaptive assertiveness. Clinical
implications are discussed. 相似文献
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876.
This field study examined how early socialization experiences affect new employee mastery of socialization content and socialization outcomes. New employees reported the realism of their preentry knowledge and the helpfulness of socialization agents. A follow-up survey assessed mastery of socialization content along with role clarity, job satisfaction, and affective organizational commitment. The results, based on 194 new employees of a large educational institution and using structural equation modeling, were highly supportive of the hypotheses. Realism of preentry knowledge and agent helpfulness, the two indicators of early socialization experiences, were associated with greater role clarity, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. In addition, the mastery of specific socialization content dimensions, the often-assumed intervening processes, was explicitly shown to mediate those relationships. The specific patterns of mediation observed further advance our understanding of the relationships between new employee mastery of socialization content and the determinants and consequences of that mastery. 相似文献
877.
Caylee J. Cook Steven J. Howard Gaia Scerif Rhian Twine Kathleen Kahn Shane A. Norris Catherine E. Draper 《Developmental science》2019,22(5)
Executive function is foundational for cognitive development. Previous research has shown both gross motor skills and physical activity to be related to executive function. However, evidence for these relationships in the preschool years, as well as in low‐ and middle‐income countries is lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationships between components of executive function (inhibition, shifting and working memory) and gross motor skills (locomotor skills and object control skills) in a sample of preschool children from urban and rural low‐income settings in South Africa. Results revealed that inhibition and working memory, but not shifting, were associated with gross motor skills. More specifically: inhibition was associated with both locomotor [β = 0.20, p = 0.047] and object control skills [β = 0.24, p = 0.024], whereas working memory was only associated with locomotor skills [β = 0.21, p = 0.039]. Physical activity was not associated with inhibition and shifting but was negatively associated with working memory. These results elaborate a growing evidence base linking executive function and gross motor skills in the early years, and it is the first to look at specific associations of locomotor and object control skills with executive function in the South African context (a low‐ and middle‐income country). 相似文献
878.
Marc A. Zimmerman Cleopatra Howard Caldwell Debra Hilkene Bernat 《Journal of applied social psychology》2002,32(1):86-109
The purpose of this study is to better understand the implications for using self‐reported grade point average (GPA) versus school‐record GPA in academic achievement research. First, we found that nearly half the youths interviewed overreported their GPAs by at least 2 half grades. Second, youth who overreported their GPAs also reported less psychological distress, more successful academic beliefs, and fewer problem behaviors. Third, we found that self‐reported GPA was associated with all 3 sets of variables, but school‐record GPA was associated with only problem behaviors. The findings suggest that it may be useful for researchers to consider how different measures of GPA may influence their results. 相似文献
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880.
Liben LS Susman EJ Finkelstein JW Chinchilli VM Kunselman S Schwab J Dubas JS Demers LM Lookingbill G Darcangelo MR Krogh HR Kulin HE 《Developmental psychology》2002,38(2):236-253
Males typically surpass females in spatial performance, an outcome that may be linked to testosterone and estrogen. The authors (a) review physiological mechanisms, developmental periods, and past empirical work relevant to sex steroids' effects on human spatial performance and (b) report an experimental study of the role of actively circulating sex steroids in adolescents being treated for delayed puberty (N = 55; mean age = 13.70 years). Sex steroids (simulating early, middle, and late puberty) and placebos were given alternately over 21 months and spatial tests were given every 3 months. Spatial performance showed traditional sex differences but did not vary with levels of actively circulating sex steroids. 相似文献