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Animals (including humans) often face circumstances in which the best choice of action is not certain. Environmental cues
may be ambiguous, and choices may be risky. This paper reviews the theoretical side of decision-making under uncertainty,
particularly with regard to unknown risk (ambiguity). We use simple models to show that, irrespective of pay-offs, whether
it is optimal to bias probability estimates depends upon how those estimates have been generated. In particular, if estimates
have been calculated in a Bayesian framework with a sensible prior, it is best to use unbiased estimates. We review the extent
of evidence for and against viewing animals (including humans) as Bayesian decision-makers. We pay particular attention to
the Ellsberg Paradox, a classic result from experimental economics, in which human subjects appear to deviate from optimal
decision-making by demonstrating an apparent aversion to ambiguity in a choice between two options with equal expected rewards.
The paradox initially seems to be an example where decision-making estimates are biased relative to the Bayesian optimum.
We discuss the extent to which the Bayesian paradigm might be applied to the evolution of decision-makers and how the Ellsberg
Paradox may, with a deeper understanding, be resolved. 相似文献
84.
Helfritz Laura E. Stanford Matthew S. Conklin Sarah M. Greve Kevin W. Villemarette-Pittman Nicole R. Houston Rebecca J. 《The Psychological record》2006,56(2):171-180
The Psychological Record - Clinical assessment of domestic violence has traditionally relied on self-report methods of data collection, using structured interviews and lengthy questionnaires such... 相似文献
85.
Stefanie T. LoSavio Kirsten H. Dillon Robert A. Murphy Karen Goetz Falesha Houston Patricia A. Resick 《Behavior Therapy》2019,50(1):36-49
Although effective treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder exist, their use in community settings is disappointingly low. Training alone does not necessarily lead to adoption. To address this problem, we trained community clinicians in cognitive processing therapy, an evidence-based treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder, using a Learning Collaborative, an intensive training methodology focused on both clinical training and developing sustainability. Sixty clinicians within 18 agencies began the year-long, team-based Learning Collaborative. Clinicians attended three in-person Learning Sessions, received weekly consultation, and submitted audio-recorded sessions to be rated for fidelity. Clinicians were rostered as approved treatment providers if they completed all training requirements. Additionally, we engaged leadership from each agency to build a sustainable practice. Clinicians trained through the Learning Collaborative demonstrated a high degree of fidelity to the treatment (average competence ratings “satisfactory” to “good”), and most (68%) were rostered as approved treatment providers. Patients treated by clinician trainees exhibited significant symptom reductions (d = 1.68 and 1.28 for posttraumatic stress and depression symptoms, respectively, among treatment completers). At a 6-month follow-up, 95% of rostered clinicians and 100% of agencies with rostered clinicians were still providing the treatment. These results suggest that the Learning Collaborative model is a promising approach for the dissemination and implementation of evidence-based treatments for adult posttraumatic stress disorder. 相似文献
86.
This study assessed the effectiveness of Greiffenstein's Reliable Digit Span (RDS) score for the detection of malingered neurocognitive dysfunction. Participants were 54 traumatic brain injury patients referred for neuropsychological evaluation. Twenty-four met the Slick, Sherman, and Iverson criteria for at least probable malingered neurocognitive dysfunction. The control group was composed of 30 patients without external incentive and who thus did not meet the Slick criteria. All patients completed the digit span test as part of either the WAIS-R or WAIS-III. The RDS scores were calculated, and sensitivity, specificity, and predictive power were examined for several cutoffs. Classification accuracy for the RDS was excellent. Issues related to the clinical application of this technique are discussed. 相似文献
87.
Dutch-learning and English-learning 9-month-olds were tested, using the Headturn Preference Procedure, for their ability to segment Dutch words with strong/weak stress patterns from fluent Dutch speech. This prosodic pattern is highly typical for words of both languages. The infants were familiarized with pairs of words and then tested on four passages, two that included the familiarized words and two that did not. Both the Dutch- and the English-learning infants gave evidence of segmenting the targets from the passages, to an equivalent degree. Thus, English-learning infants are able to extract words from fluent speech in a language that is phonetically different from English. We discuss the possibility that this cross-language segmentation ability is aided by the similarity of the typical rhythmic structure of Dutch and English words. 相似文献
88.
Kemp Charles F. Furgeson Earl H. Clark Walter Houston Irion Paul E. Perske Robert Ashbrook James B. 《Pastoral Psychology》1970,21(10):53-59
Pastoral Psychology - 相似文献
89.
Pastoral Psychology - 相似文献
90.
Value priorities were analyzed as they relate to nationality (American vs. British) and gender in a study involving 207 university students from the 2 countries. Participants responded anonymously to S. H. Schwartz's Value Survey (1992, 1994), consisting of various individualistic and collectivistic values. American students assigned greater importance to the individualistic values of achievement, hedonism, self-direction, and stimulation than British students did; students from the 2 countries assigned equal importance to the power value type. Compared with men, women from both countries assigned greater value priorities to the collectivistic values of benevolence, universalism, security, and subordination of self to others. Women and men, however, did not differ on the individualistic values, and, in fact, women placed greater importance on achievement than men did. The results for the individualistic values are discussed primarily within the context of major changes in the career and work opportunities afforded women by society in the past 30 years. 相似文献