领导者信任理论述评

该文整合了过去三十年来,西方关于领导者信任的理论研究之后发现,领导者所表现出的可信行为,在员工归因的作用下,可以对组织绩效、员工工作态度、目的等产生极其重要的影响。作者在对以往研究作出总结的基础上,对西方研究存在的问题以及未来研究的发展方向提出了建议。     

商讨理论视野中的伦理、民主、人权和民族国家

本文根据哈贝马斯的访华演讲和相关著述,对商讨理论视野中的伦理、民主、人权和民族国家概念进行了考察,并在此基础上提出了某些基本的判断和论点。     

曼德勒的"知觉分析"理论及其意义

曼德勒提出"知觉分析"理论来解释儿童概念起源.她假设概念获得是与知觉相分离的.该理论面临一些理论困难:1)知觉与概念的分离是否可能,2)一些基本概念界定模糊.尽管如此,"知觉分析"理论仍然对儿童概念获得问题做出了有效的解释.我们提倡将"知觉分析"理论和"心理理论"、"推理"和"心理模块性"等领域结合,可以克服"知觉分析"理论自身的困难,也可以对这些领域的研究提供实证支持.     

大学生心理资本对求职绩效的影响:积极求职行为的中介效应

文章旨在检验心理资本对大学生求职绩效的影响及积极求职行为在两者关系的中介效应.采用配对调查方法,通过152对样本数据(心理资本由两位室友他评,积极求职行为和求职绩效由被试自评)的二元logistic回归和层次回归分析结果显示,心理资本对大学生求职绩效(求职表现满意度、找到工作与否、就业单位满意度)具有显著的正向作用,而积极求职行为在两者关系中起到了部分中介作用.具体而言,心理资本中的事务型心理资本(自信勇敢、乐观希望、奋发进取与坚韧顽强)和积极求职行为中的招聘信息搜寻是影响求职绩效的两个最重要因素.     

Relativism and Faultless Disagreement

The argument from faultless disagreement employed by the relativist purports to show that contextualism falls short of explaining cases of faultless disagreement. The demonstration is intended to give credence to the relativist semantics of epistemic modality expressions. In this paper we present some cases showing that even though cases of faultless disagreement do reveal some intrinsic features of epistemic modality claims, they do not support the relativist semantics. The sophistication of faultless disagreement goes beyond what the relativist semantics can cope with. We also advance an epistemologically oriented proposal to account for faultless disagreement.     

Confidentiality Revisited

This article challenges the importance and necessity of confidentiality, which are often taken for granted, and questions whether the default promise of confidentiality to all participants, particularly in educational research, could in fact be an unnecessary concern. This article begins by reviewing the difference in the way confidentiality is handled in different fields and the applicability of some underlying assumptions. This is followed by an explanation of why confidentiality is investigated in the sense of anonymity in this article. Then the article draws on an empirical study where original researchers and their original participants were interviewed about their views on anonymity. Lastly, the contradiction between the promises of confidentiality and the recognition of a participant’s contribution is highlighted. The article concludes with a call for more empirical observation and investigation into the importance of confidentiality.

夫妻依恋风格、婚姻归因与婚姻质量的关系

本研究采用主—客体互倚模型(actor-partner interdependence model,APIM)的方法深入探讨夫妻的依恋风格、婚姻归因与自身及配偶感知到的婚姻质量之间的关系。以方便取样的方式在北京地区选取155对夫妻,采用Brennan等(1998)编制的亲密关系经历量表(ECR),Stander编制的婚姻归因量表(MAQ)和Spanier编制的婚姻质量问卷(DAS),要求夫妻双方分别报告其依恋风格、婚姻归因方式和感知到的婚姻质量。通过配对t检验、相关分析和结构方程模型分析发现:(1)夫妻对婚姻质量的总体知觉较为一致,但丈夫的婚姻满意度显著高于妻子;(2)夫妻双方在回避依恋和焦虑依恋两个分量表上不存在显著差异,但在婚姻归因上,妻子比丈夫表现出了更多的消极归因;(3)妻子的消极依恋显著地负向预测自身感知到的婚姻质量,而丈夫的消极依恋对自身感知到的婚姻质量没有显著影响;(4)在控制了丈夫、妻子的依恋风格、归因方式对其自身婚姻质量的主体效应之后,丈夫的依恋风格不能显著预测妻子感受到的婚姻质量,但其归因方式可以显著地预测妻子感受到的婚姻质量;然而妻子的归因方式并不能显著预测丈夫的婚姻质量。     

Electronegativity difference as a factor for evaluating the thermal stability of Al-rich metallic glasses

This article proposes a factor, the critical electronegativity difference Δx _cri, to correlate alloy composition with thermal stability and glass-forming ability of Al–Ni–RE (RE: Rare Earth element) ternary metallic glasses. The Al-rich metallic glasses with Δx > Δx _cri exhibit glassy behavior, whereas alloys with Δx < Δx _cri are nanocrystalline. Nanoglassy alloys occur when Δx ≈ Δx _cri. The best glass formers are located near Δx _cri. Furthermore, an equation has been deduced to calculate Δx _cri with varying RE covalent atomic radius.     

几种场相依/场独立测量工具间的相关研究

镶嵌图形测验、框线测验和认知偏差任务是目前国际上常用的三种场相依/场独立的测量工具。该研究发现：1）在框线测验中,个体不受背景信息干扰的能力,与整合背景信息的能力存在显著正相关关系;2）执行镶嵌图形测验愈佳者,执行框线测验的绝对任务与相对任务也愈佳;3）但认知偏差任务与镶嵌图形测验以及框线测验均无相关关系。因此,个体在感知过程中对场的利用,与其在推理决策过程中对场的利用,很可能是两个独立的心理过程。此外,由于镶嵌图形测验与智商测验有相关,框线测验可能更适合于跨文化心理学中对场相依/场独立概念的测量。     

Effects of parental expectations and cultural-values orientation on career decision-making difficulties of Chinese University students

This study examined the effects of cultural-values conflict and parental expectations on the career decision-making difficulties of university students in three cities in China (Beijing, Wuhan, and Hong Kong, N = 1342). The Multidimensional Scales of Individual Traditionality and Modernity (Yang, Yu, & Ye, 1989) were used as a measure of cultural-values conflict and cultural orientation. The Living-Up-to Parental Expectation Inventory (Wang & Heppner, 2002) was used to measure parental expectations. The Career Decision-Making Difficulties Questionnaire (Gati & Saka, 2001) was used as a dependent measure. It was found that levels of cultural-value conflict were associated with higher levels of career decision-making difficulties for students in the Chinese Mainland cities but not for students in Hong Kong. Perceived parental expectations and perceived self-performance in the expected areas were found to be predictive of career decision-making difficulties. Cultural-value orientation, especially endorsement of Chinese traditional values, was found to moderate the relationship between parental expectation and career decision-making difficulties. Theoretical, research and practical implications of findings were discussed.