When we feel good and bad about ourselves: self-esteem memories across cultures

Young adults in the United States, Croatia, and China described personal episodes of times when they felt especially good or bad about themselves. These self-esteem memories were either recent (episodes that occurred during the previous 4 weeks) or remote (episodes that occurred between the ages of 10 and 15). Systematic content differences between memories of positive and negative self-worth were apparent primarily for remote rather than for recent memories. Across cultures, long-lasting positive memories frequently represented achievement themes, whereas negative memories frequently represented social themes. Links between achievement success and positive self-regard, and between social distress and negative self-regard, are explained using theories of self-esteem and autobiographical memory.     

在家庭自由游戏和智力任务游戏中母亲对孩子的态度特征

采用家庭观察的方法,考察了61名3—4岁儿童在家庭环境中的两个情境——自由游戏和带有智力任务倾向的拼图游戏中,其母亲对他们的态度和行为的特征,结果发现：(1)母亲在2种类型的游戏中对待孩子的态度和行为可以从母亲对孩子的控制性(高控、低控)、温暖性(接受和拒绝)、言语交流和参与性4个维度做出评价。(2)当儿童的游戏从自由游戏转为带有智力任务倾向的游戏时,母亲对待孩子的态度和行为方式发生明显变化,直接要求、提问等高控行为增多,互相商量等低控行为减少;对孩子的拒绝行为和态度增强,而肯定、爱抚、积极情绪等接受行为减少;与孩子的言语交流和参与行为减少。(3)在上述2种游戏情境中,母亲对待孩子的态度表现出个别差异,在自由游戏情境中,42．6％的母亲为宽松型,32．8％的母亲为温暖型,24．6％的母亲为交流型。在带有智力任务倾向的游戏中,54％的母亲为宽松型,23％的母亲为低控型,23％的母亲为高控型。     

商讨理论视野中的伦理、民主、人权和民族国家

本文根据哈贝马斯的访华演讲和相关著述,对商讨理论视野中的伦理、民主、人权和民族国家概念进行了考察,并在此基础上提出了某些基本的判断和论点。     

儿童对情绪表达规则的认知发展

情绪表达规则知识的建构是儿童社会化和情绪健康发展过程中的一项重要任务,该文考察了情绪表达规则的概念及个体对其认知发展的相关理论和测量。同时,对情绪表达规则的认知发展从3个方面进行了探讨：儿童对情绪表达规则认知发展的关键阶段是小学,并且具有显著的年龄差异和性别差异;家庭情绪环境分别从不同方面对儿童情绪表达规则的认知发展水平有显著影响;儿童对情绪表达规则的认知发展水平与其社会能力有显著的正相关。     

"马克思恩格斯与基督宗教"问题的当代性

马克思恩格斯相遇基督宗教的非凡生平和不朽文本中所形成的有关宗教的学说,不仅在理论内容上与他们的政治观、历史观、辩证法和人类未来设想(广义社会主义观)等学说一样且互渗融合相得益彰,共同构成马克思主义创始人伟大思想的重要基础和核心价值;而且作为一种理论批判特质,一种理论创造的更原初来源更博大精深语境更丰满(生命)主体向度,还具有特别重要的方法论意义.因此,要善于透过马克思恩格斯针对特定的宗教神学的某些论断把握其精神实质,他们正是在对宗教等周围世界"问题"的理论关注,特别是对"德意志意识形态"首当其冲的猛烈批判和争取人类真正平等自由解放--美好未来的"人间实现"的"主义"宣解,即壮阔的世界历史感和实践过程中的"宏大叙事",实现其哲学变革、思想更新和(就其从社会形态转向本真形态意义上的)"可能意识形态"的原初发掘,开创人类理解新境界,从而极其深远地影响人类发展的进程.因此,在这宗教因素不可避免地现于国际交往和国内建设的当今,研究马克思恩格斯与基督宗教问题,对于展延马克思主义基础理论的时代要义、领悟马克思主义思想学说的根本价值以及践履马克思主义宗教观的稳妥发展,很有必要.     

从《劝世良言》看圣经在中国的“处境化”阐释

梁发在《劝世良言》中对圣经采取了"处境化"的阐释策略,主要表现在:为了建立起圣经与中国传统文化的沟通与对话,梁发非常注重语言的转换,坚持文化调适的策略和本土化的处理方式;在宣教过程中,梁发往往针对现实处境来决定阐释的重点,将时代处境与圣经经文"融接"了起来;对于中国传统文化,梁发虽将一些重要观念融入其对圣经的阐释之中,但始终坚持了圣经的绝对标准和权威地位。梁发的这一"处境化"阐释策略具有深刻意义。     

应付方式量表的初步编制

编制应付方式问卷 ,并获得该量表的初步常模。来自全国 6个地区的 114 4名被试完成了有效测试 ,其中男性 5 5 9人 ,女性 5 85人 ,平均年龄 31.0 3± 7.99岁。结果 :(1)人们的应付方式主要有 4种类型 :即针对问题积极应付、否认与心理解脱、情感求助与宣泄、回避问题转移注意。 (2 )该量表具有良好的信度和效度 ,达到心理测量学的有关要求 ,可以作为评估应付活动的工具。 (3)初步提供了该量表的成人常模 ,并对应付方式在性别和年龄上的差异进行了讨论。     

四重模型:结构、算法与应用

四重模型(The Quadruple Process Model,简称Quad Model)是一个可对内隐任务中四种性质不同加工的独立、同时性影响进行测量的多项式模型。首先采用武器识别任务等实例对模型参数、结构、数据分析及可行性进行说明;随后介绍该模型在内隐研究中的应用,涉及情境易变性与可塑性、个体与群体差异及内隐任务外行为等三类问题;最后从多方面对其进行评价与展望。     

When we feel good and bad about ourselves: Self-esteem memories across cultures

Young adults in the United States, Croatia, and China described personal episodes of times when they felt especially good or bad about themselves. These self-esteem memories were either recent (episodes that occurred during the previous 4 weeks) or remote (episodes that occurred between the ages of 10 and 15). Systematic content differences between memories of positive and negative self-worth were apparent primarily for remote rather than for recent memories. Across cultures, long-lasting positive memories frequently represented achievement themes, whereas negative memories frequently represented social themes. Links between achievement success and positive self-regard, and between social distress and negative self-regard, are explained using theories of self-esteem and autobiographical memory.     

Self-Reference enhances memory for multi-element events judged likely to happen in young and older adults

ABSTRACT

We investigated whether the strategy of self-reference can benefit memory for multi-element events, a kind of relational memory that is relatively less studied but highly relevant to daily life. Young and older adults imagined different person-object-location events with reference to themselves and two famous others (i.e., George Clooney and Oprah Winfrey), rated the likelihood that each event would happen, and then completed incidental memory tests on different pairs of elements within the event. We found that self-reference enhanced memory for object-location and person-object pairs in both age groups. Such self-reference effects were observed consistently only for events rated as likely to happen. There was also an overall memory advantage for the higher-likelihood events, which did not differ between young and older adults. Further, the self-reference effects were not correlated with memory functioning in either age group. Retrieval of within-event associations showed a significant level of dependency, which did not differ as a function of reference condition or likelihood category. These findings highlight the ways in which self-reference and prior knowledge improve relational memory, and suggest that the advantage of self-reference is not attributable to increased dependence of elements within complex events.