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31.
Keith Horton 《The Philosophical quarterly》1999,49(197):452-470
It has become increasingly common recently to construe human natureas setting some pretty stringent limits to moral endeavour. Many consequentialists, in particular, take considerations concerning human nature to defeat certain demanding norms that would otherwise follow from their theory.One argument is that certain commitments ground psychological incapacitiesthat prevent us from doing what would maximize the good. Another is that we would be likely to suffer some kind of psychological demoralization if we tried to become significantly more selfless. I argue that influential versions of both of these arguments underestimate our deliberative resources, and also fail to examine the kind of moral sources that may be able to sustain rigorous moral endeavour. Pessimism about our capacities for such endeavour results from the neglect of these factors, rather than from uncovering any significant limitations in human nature. 相似文献
32.
Disciplinary roots and branches of evaluation: Some lessons from agricultural research 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Douglas Horton 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1998,10(4):31-66
Since its origins in North America in the 1960s, the field of program evaluation has grown considerably, and its concerns
have broadened from accountability to program improvement, decision support, and institutional learning. Program evaluation
is now commonly practiced in governmental organizations not only in North America but also in many countries of Western Europe
and Oceania. Although program evaluation is a relatively new field with many controversies and lively debates, a unifying
body of evaluation theory, methods, and standards is gradually emerging. Evaluation has recently been described as a “transdiscipline,”
as are statistics and measurement.
This article is based largely on my personal experiences working in agricultural research organizations in developing regions.
Here, a number of different types of evaluation are carried out, but program evaluation as defined by Patton (1997) and as
practiced by social scientists to assess public programs is largely unknown. Distinct branches of agricultural research evaluation
can be identified, with disciplinary roots in the natural sciences and in agricultural economics. The most rigorous agricultural
research evaluations are economic studies. Systematic internal evaluation is notably lacking. Current pressures to improve
performance, transparency, and accountability are creating demands for more systematic evaluation, and many program evaluation
concepts and methods would seem to be of value in agricultural research organizations. However, in the current scenario of
declining funding for agricultural research, managers are yet to be convinced to expand their evaluation activities and explore
unfamiliar paradigms and methods. Moreover, they are not yet convinced that social-science-based program evaluation would
produce useful results. Natural scientists and economists tend to view program evaluation as “soft-science” or no science
at all.
Douglas Horton works at the International Service for National Agricultural Research (ISNAR) in The Netherlands. Since joining
ISNAR in early 1990, he has done research, training, and advisory work on agricultural research management, with an emphasis
on evaluation. Previously, for fifteen years, Horton was head of the social science department of the International Potato
Center (CIP) in Peru. With colleagues at CIP and in national agricultural research organizations, he documented patterns and
trends in world potato production and use, engaged in participatory technology development and assessed the impact of CIP
programs. Horton received B.S. and M.S. degrees in agricultural economics from the University of Illinois, and a Ph.D. in
economics from Cornell University. While at Cornell, Horton worked with W.F. Whyte, pioneer in the fields of participant observation
and participatory action research. 相似文献
33.
34.
A comprehensive model of interpersonal attraction is presented in which attraction is an emotion expressed to regulate interpersonal relationships. The model proposes that cognitive appraisals, the subjective experience, and the expression of affiliative behavior are fundamental to understanding how attraction operates. Specifically, we discuss how (a) cognitive appraisals (willingness and ability) are fundamental to the subjective experience of attraction, (b) social dilemma considerations affect when and why the subjective experience aligns with the expression of affiliative behavior, (c) the interplay of the components of attraction explain the panoply of extant attraction phenomena, and (d) the attraction process operates in both initial interactions and enduring relationships. We conclude with a discussion of methodological and theoretical directions to fuel future growth. 相似文献
35.
Horton KD Wilson DE Evans M 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2001,27(4):958-966
A variety of procedures have been used to assess automatic retrieval effects on memory, including implicit memory tests and the process dissociation approach. Theoretical concerns with each are summarized prior to describing a procedure for evaluating automatic retrieval that is based on retrieval speed. Specifically, in a speeded implicit task, participants were encouraged to complete word stems using strictly automatic retrieval by presenting several practice test trials that did not allow responding based on previously studied items and by encouraging speed of responding. This speeded implicit task was compared with a condition in which conscious retrieval of studied information was not possible and a condition in which conscious retrieval was required, providing converging evidence to support the hypothesis that the speeded implicit procedure can yield pure estimates of automatic retrieval. Furthermore, evidence from a standard implicit memory task yielded comparable data that suggests that participants engaged automatic retrieval processes on this task also. 相似文献
36.
John Horton 《Philosophical Investigations》2005,28(3):235-252
This article explores a neglected aspect of Peter Winch's work: his writings on political authority. It seeks to show that this neglect is undeserved. Three themes are interweaved in the discussion. First, the major developments in Winch's thinking between his first published article on political authority (in a symposium with Richard Peters) and his later writings on the subject are identified and assessed. Criticism is focused mainly on his tendency to be insufficiently attentive to the distinction between being in authority and being an authority, and the implications this has for the distinctiveness of political authority. Secondly, particular attention is given to some of the key strands in Winch's analysis. These include his distinction between the nature and the grounds of political authority, how the role of consent is to be understood in the light of this distinction, how an adequate understanding political authority does not undermine our ideas of autonomy, and what it might mean to reject the whole idea of political authority. Finally, the article concludes by briefly defending the value of Winch's approach to political philosophy. Earlier it is shown that Winch's analysis does not foreclose on a range of political responses to authority, and this point is generalised to argue for a philosophical approach (like Winch’s) that aims at understanding, rather than at advancing any particular set of moral or political principles. 相似文献
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38.
Margaret L. Vaaler Christopher G. Ellison Karissa D. Horton John P. Marcum 《Pastoral Psychology》2008,56(5):533-546
Despite the recurrent public and academic controversies over the issue of corporal punishment, few studies have examined the
attitudes of clergy members. This oversight is noteworthy, because clergy members may influence the beliefs and behaviors
of church members and others via their roles in parish ministry, counseling, and civic leadership. Our study addresses this
gap in the research literature using data from a nationwide sample of Presbyterian Church (USA) clergy members. Key findings
include the following: (a) Approval of corporal punishment is higher among male, non-white, less affluent, and parish (vs.
specialized) clergy; (b) Theological conservatism is unrelated to corporal punishment attitudes, but political conservatism
and Republican Party leanings are strongly predictive of greater approval of physical discipline; and (c) Clergy members who
know someone in their congregation who has experienced abuse are less supportive of the corporal punishment of children, although
direct personal experiences with physical or emotional abuse are less consistently related to corporal punishment attitudes.
Several implications and promising directions for future research are discussed.
相似文献
Margaret L. VaalerEmail: |
39.
40.
Scott L. Horton 《Journal of Adult Development》2002,9(4):277-290
Five new or returning midlife university students were asked to provide metaphors describing their experience of midlife change, change indicated by their attending university at this point in their lives. Five resulting portraits (S. Lawrence-Lightfoot & J. H. Davis, 1997) were created, based on participant-invoked metaphors: personal rebellion against colonization, stage productions, collection and accumulation, journey home, and alchemy and metamorphosis. The portraits indicate that even from within widely divergent metaphoric conceptualizations, the respondents all find midlife to be an active, positive, and hopeful period of life. For them midlife is decidedly neither crisis nor dull plateau. Further, given the richness of the metaphor use, the study demonstrates the desirability of listening carefully to and moreover expressly soliciting metaphoric usage, in order to more fully understand people's inner realities. Finally, the portraits reveal that the participants' metaphoric conceptions are deeply imbedded in their lives, past and current, and as such identify life themes. 相似文献