When the internet is wrong: Children’s trust in an inaccurate internet or human source

Prior studies have shown that children can select and evaluate information based on the previous accuracy of an informant. The current study examines how 5- to 6-year-old kindergarteners (N = 46) and 7- to 8-year-old second-graders (N = 48) in China judge scientific information provided by the internet or a teacher, and how a source's history of inaccuracy influences participants’ judgments. When lacking explicit information about previous accuracy, neither younger children nor older children showed differential trust in the internet or a teacher. After observing the internet providing inaccurate information, children in both age groups decreased their trust in statements from the internet. When the teacher was consistently inaccurate, children in both age groups also showed reduced preference for the teacher's statements. These findings demonstrate that 5- to 8-year-old children take into account history of inaccuracy when deciding whether to request or endorse information from the internet or a teacher.     

组织内信任与创造力的关系：元分析的证据

采用元分析技术探讨了组织内部水平信任、垂直信任和系统信任对创造力的影响。通过文献搜索纳入元分析的研究有85项, 共99个独立效应量。其中, 水平信任与创造力关系的元分析有41个独立样本, 垂直信任与创造力关系的元分析有34个独立样本, 系统信任与创造力关系的元分析有24个独立样本。元分析结果表明, 水平信任(r = 0.50)、垂直信任(r = 0.38)和系统信任(r = 0.48)与创造力之间存在显著正相关。水平信任、垂直信任、系统信任三者与创造力的关系受到信任测量工具的调节作用, 但是不受文化背景和知识水平的调节影响。     

瑰宝档案——评张映莹、李彦《五台山佛光寺》

中国佛教协会已故会长、诗人、书法家赵朴初先生,于1977年8月偕日本佛教界人士游览五台山时,曾作《寄调忆江南》词《五台杂咏》四首。其第一首为：     

支娄迦谶是汉地最初传译大乘经典的著名译师

支娄迦谶是汉地最早传译大乘经典的一代译师,也是汉地最先传译大乘般若性空思想的著名高僧,还是汉地传译文殊般若信仰的先驱。     

科学实践的规范性:劳斯的规范性元理论述评

一自然主义与规范性问题当代自然主义在科学哲学的复兴主要归功于20世纪60年代蒯因(W.V.O.Quine)与库恩(T.Kuhn)的工作。蒯因旨在摆脱传统基础主义认识论的困境而提倡“自然化认识论”,把人类科学当做一种自然现象,像研究任何其他自然现象一样,运用科学方法来研究科学,从而主张     

弈棋风格的结构研究

弈棋风格是指弈者在围棋活动中所表现出来的一致的、稳定的方式和行棋特点.通过对弈棋风格的形容匈评定数据进行探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析,研究得到弈棋风格结构的五个因素(维度),即严谨稳健、机敏轻灵、好胜力战、大局观和犹豫忍让.     

新生儿情绪性语音加工的正性偏向——来自事件相关电位的证据

准确解码语音中的情绪信息能让个体更好地适应社会环境, 此能力对新生儿和婴儿尤其重要, 因为人类刚出生时听觉系统远比视觉系统发育得完善。虽然已有研究表明5~7月龄的婴儿能分辨不同情绪种类的语音, 但目前对新生儿的研究还非常少。人类是否在出生时即具有分辨不同种类情绪性语音的能力?新生儿对情绪的加工是否存在正性或负性偏向?本文选用odd-ball范式考察高兴、恐惧、愤怒三种韵律性语音在1~6天龄新生儿大脑中诱发的事件相关电位。实验1直接对比三种情绪性条件, 发现新生儿大脑的额区(F3和F4电极点)可以区分情绪性语音的正负性, 正性(高兴)语音诱发的“失匹配反应”幅度明显大于负性(愤怒和恐惧)语音。实验2采用偏差和标准刺激反转的odd-ball范式, 证实了实验1的结果并非源于三种情绪语音物理属性的差异。本文的结果提示, 新生儿大脑可自动辨别正性与负性情绪语音, 但尚不能将愤怒和恐惧两种负性语音区分开来。更重要的是, 高兴语音比两种负性语音诱发了更大的失匹配反应, 这一结果首次从神经学层面(电生理指标)为新生儿情绪性语音加工的正性偏向提供了证据。     

Gender-Based Measurement Invariance of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents

The aim of this study was to evaluate the measurement invariance of the Chinese version of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (ERQ-CA; Gullone and Taffe (Psychological Assessment, 24(2), 409–417, 2011)) across gender. A total of 1388 Chinese adolescents (48.1% males), ranging in age from 11 to 16 years (M = 12.9, SD = 1.09) were recruited from four Chinese middle schools and completed the ERQ-CA. The Cronbach’s α values, omega coefficients, and item-total correlations for the two subscales of the ERQ-CA indicated adequate internal consistency reliability. The results of confirmatory factor analysis and multi-group confirmatory factor analysis revealed that all configural, metric, scalar, and partial strict invariance models provided acceptable fit to the data. The result of latent means analysis demonstrated statistically non-significant differences between boys and girls. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the ERQ-CA displays appropriate measurement invariance across gender for Chinese youth of ages 11 to 16.

     

Cultural Differences in Preference for Entertainment Messages That Induce Mixed Responses of Joy and Sorrow

Two cross‐cultural studies were conducted to explore how affective states from viewing favorite entertainment messages vary as a function of culture. Koreans were more likely than U.S. Americans to prefer entertainment messages that induce conflicting responses (e.g., feeling positive and negative, laughing and crying). Furthermore, this cultural difference was larger for positively valenced (i.e., comedy) than for negatively valenced message (i.e., sad films). Naïve dialecticism held by East Asians that treats these contradictory responses as balance, harmony, and moderation was introduced as a plausible explanatory mechanism.     

The Influence of Early Efficacy Beliefs on Teams' Reactions to Failing to Reach Performance Goals

Although a considerable amount of theoretical and empirical attention has been devoted to understanding individuals' responses to goal–performance discrepancies (GPDs), little attention has been devoted to examining how teams respond to GPDs. The present research sought to examine how teams responded to negative GPDs. We predicted that failing to reach higher goals would be perceived as less negative than failing to reach lower goals, and we examined the moderating influence of setting higher versus lower goals on how teams responded to performance that fell short of those goals. We also examined the role that efficacy beliefs that were formed early in those teams played in further explaining these effects. Results from 94 teams who all failed to reach self‐set goals revealed that teams that failed to reach higher goals downwardly revised their goals less than teams that failed to reach lower goals. Early efficacy beliefs further explained these effects. High efficacy beliefs lessened the negative effects of failing to reach lower goals on subsequent goals. High efficacy beliefs also lessened the negative effects of failing to reach higher goals while low efficacy beliefs strengthened the negative effects of failing to reach higher goals. The implications of these findings for theory, research, and practice are discussed.