初中学生道德推理、移情反应、亲社会行为及其相互关系的比较研究

抽取上海市初中三个年级217名学生为被试,通过对道德判断推理能力、移情反应、亲社会行为的测量和问卷调查,考察初中阶段学生在这三个方面的发展规律,以及三者之间的相互关系。结果显示：道德判断推理与亲社会行为、与移情能力之问没有显著相关;移情能力中的个别指标与亲社会行为之间相关显著;在移情反应、亲社会行为水平、以及助人动机、帮助方式等方面均存在显著的性别差异;故事呈现方式不同会对故事与自己相关程度产生影响。     

2008年宗教界人士迎春茶语会在京举行

2008年2月2日,中共中央统战部、全国政协民宗委、国家宗教事务局共同主办的"2008年宗教界人士迎春茶话会"在国家宗教事务局银安殿举行.中共中央统战部常务副部长朱维群,全国政协民宗委副主任黄璜,全国政协副秘书长蒋作君,国家宗教事务局局长叶小文、副局长王作安、齐晓飞、蒋坚永等有关方面领导和五大宗教全国性团体负责人近百人出席了茶活会.     

阅读中的快速启动范式述评

快速启动范式（Sereno & Rayner, 1992）是一种基于呈现随眼动变化技术而设计的眼动范式,主要用于研究中央凹视野内字词识别的瞬时启动,通过精确控制启动条件和启动时窗,以考察词汇通达过程中词汇水平（如,词频、词长等）、亚词汇水平（如,语音、语义、字形等）信息的加工时序。本文从基本原理、设计基础、应用领域、注意事项等方面对快速启动范式进行了较为深入的解读和介绍,并结合已有的研究成果,指出了该范式在汉语阅读中的应用价值。     

基督宗教对海外华人移民活动的影响——近代福建地区的三次集体移民活动述评

近代福建,天主教区、华人基督徒、新教传教士分别参与、发动和组织了当地天主教徒、基督教徒移民非洲、东南亚地区的集体移民活动.本文尝试结合基督教研究与华侨华人史研究,对这三次集体移民做一述评,分析比较移民活动参与者、组织者及其社会角色的异同.文章认为,近代基督宗教在华人移民海外运动中扮演的角色多元,性质复杂,不仅影响着华侨华人移民运动的发展,亦为华人信徒提供了一个普世性的社会流动网络,使基督宗教成为海外华人宗教的重要组成部分.     

分析方法与哲学问题

分析哲学旨在通过语言分析,达到概念的清晰性、表达的严格性和推理的有效性。哲学史上确有一些命题和问题是模糊的和不严格的,因而妨碍了问题的解决和哲学的进展。分析的方法有助于我们澄清和部分地解决传统哲学中的一些问题,从而使其中一些问题得到部分的解决。一些众所周知的哲学命题和著作,如“哲学是爱智慧”、“天人合一”、老子《道德经》,或者在意义的清晰性上,或者在推理的有效性上,存在一些缺陷。将分析的方法应用在这些命题上和话语上,有利于我们获得更清晰的理解,从而在一定程度上避免没有结果的争论。     

会讯

中国无神论学会定于2008年12月6日～7日在北京圆山大酒店举行学术年会.会议主题为:"无神论在当代文化语境中的话语权".     

Brief Exposure to Misinformation Can Lead to Long‐Term False Memories

Do false memories last? And do they last as long as true ones? This study investigated whether experimentally created false memories would persist for an extended period (one and a half years). A large number of subjects (N = 342) participated in a standard three‐stage misinformation procedure (saw the event slides, read the narrations with misinformation, and then took the memory tests). The initial tests showed that misinformation led to a significant amount of false memory. One and a half years later, the participants were tested again. About half of the misinformation false memory persisted, which was the same rate as for true memory. These results strongly suggest that brief exposure to misinformation can lead to long‐term false memory and that the strength of memory trace was similar for true and false memories. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dopamine D1 receptors are responsible for stress-induced emotional memory deficit in mice

It is established that stress impairs spatial learning and memory via the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis response. Dopamine D1 receptors were also shown to be responsible for a stress-induced deficit of working memory. However, whether stress affects the subsequent emotional learning and memory is not elucidated yet. Here, we employed the well-established one-trial step-through task to study the effect of an acute psychological stress (induced by tail hanging for 5, 10, or 20?min) on emotional learning and memory, and the possible mechanisms as well. We demonstrated that tail hanging induced an obvious stress response. Either an acute tail-hanging stress or a single dose of intraperitoneally injected dopamine D1 receptor antagonist (SCH23390) significantly decreased the step-through latency in the one-trial step-through task. However, SCH23390 prevented the acute tail-hanging stress-induced decrease in the step-through latency. In addition, the effects of tail-hanging stress and/or SCH23390 on the changes in step-through latency were not through non-memory factors such as nociceptive perception and motor function. Our data indicate that the hyperactivation of dopamine D1 receptors mediated the stress-induced deficit of emotional learning and memory. This study may have clinical significance given that psychological stress is considered to play a role in susceptibility to some mental diseases such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder.     

Distinct processing for pictures of animals and objects: evidence from eye movements

Many studies have suggested that emotional stimuli orient and engage attention. There is also evidence that animate stimuli, such as those from humans and animals, cause attentional bias. However, categorical and emotional factors are usually mixed, and it is unclear to what extent human context influences attentional allocation. To address this issue, we tracked participants' eye movements while they viewed pictures with animals and inanimate images (i.e., category) as focal objects. These pictures had either negative or neutral emotional valence, and either human body parts or nonhuman parts were near the focal objects (i.e., context). The picture's valence, arousal, position, size, and most of the low-level visual features were matched across categories. The results showed that nonhuman animals were more likely to be attended to and to be attended to for longer times than inanimate objects. The same pattern held for the human contexts (vs. nonhuman contexts). The effects of emotional valence, category, and context interacted. Specifically, in images with a negative valence, focal animals and objects with human context had comparable numbers of gaze fixations and gaze duration. These results highlighted the attentional bias to animate parts of a picture and clarified that the effects of category, valence, and picture context interacted to influence attentional allocation.     

多级评分模型下的题库结构对CAT的影响分析

在多级评分模型下,项目的难度参数或步骤参数有多个,在对多级评分模型进行选题时,通常对项目的多个难度参数用一个综合的指标来概括.当对每个项目的难度参数进行有效的综合后,综合后的难度参数分布发生了改变,这时如果增加适量的平均难度较难或较易的项目进入题库,测验的精度和项目的曝光率都有一定的改善.