评价中心的构想效度谜题:测量维度还是活动?

评价中心是一种高保真度的情境模拟,它被设计用来在多种与工作相关的活动中测量多项维度.30年来的大量研究发现,评价中心具备良好的内容效度和效标关联效度,但构想效度却始终不理想,评价中心评分反映的总是由活动而非预先设想的维度带来的效应.这一评价中心“构想效度谜题”吸引了大量研究关注,并逐步形成了维度中心取向、活动中心取向及交互作用取向三种主要观点,分别主张控制各种误差因素以改善维度测量、放弃维度而转向活动或任务以及关注维度与活动的共同作用.未来研究应在传统的维度中心取向之外给予活动中心取向足够重视,并重点发展交互作用取向.     

Minorities remember more: The effect of social identity salience on group-referent memory

Research on the group-reference effect has confirmed that social identities can affect memory, but few studies have explored the role of identity salience in this effect. Two experiments were designed to fill the gap. In Experiment 1 Tibetan students at one predominantly Han Chinese university showed high ethnic identity salience and better memory for trait adjectives encoded in reference to Tibetans than in reference to Han Chinese. In Experiment 2 Tibetan students at one Tibetan-majority university demonstrated low ethnic identity salience and no differences were found between memory performance under Tibetan-referential processing and Han-referential processing conditions. In comparison, Han participants did not show high ethnic awareness or an ingroup-reference effect in either experiment, due to membership of an ethnic majority (Experiment1) and lack of inter-ethnic contact (Experiment 2). These findings suggest that high salience is a prerequisite for social identities to facilitate memory.     

行政职业能力测验阅读理解能力考查体系研究

本研究对行政职业能力测验中的阅读理解分测验考查何种能力要素进行了深入探讨.研究一首先通过文献法初步概括出行政职业能力测验阅读理解的能力考查体系,进而使用出声思维的方法对该考查体系进行验证和补充,最后通过专家调查论证方法对其进行最终确定.结果表明,行政职业能力测验阅读理解考查了6种能力,分别是提取信息能力、理解意义能力、理解细节能力、分析结构能力、概括能力及推断能力,其中提取信息能力和理解意义能力是基础.在此基础上,研究二使用该能力框架选取合适的行政职业能力测验阅读理解题目,组成一套阅读理解测验,并借助认知诊断方法,通过专家标定测验的Q矩阵,利用实测数据对研究一构建的能力考查体系的完备性进行了验证.     

基于概率的归纳推理模型

归纳推理是指从个别前提推出一般结论的推理,它是人的一项基本认知能力,也是心理学研究需要解释的重要现象.在模拟归纳推理时,不能排除先验知识对归纳推理结论力度的影响,贝叶斯理论可以结合条件对先验概率进行修正,能够很好地将先验知识引入到归纳推理中来.文章重点介绍了基于记忆的贝叶斯模型,相似性概率模型和结构统计模型对归纳推理的解释.     

中国古代民间祭祀组织"社"与"会"初探

秦汉以后的祭祀活动分别在宫廷、官府、民间3个层次上进行。民间祭祀活动一般由"社"、"会"组织实施。本文探讨民间群体性、公共性祭祀活动,对民间祭祀组织"社""会"进行考察梳理。     

Learning strategy differentially impacts memory connections in children and adults

Even once children can accurately remember their experiences, they nevertheless struggle to use those memories in flexible new ways—as in when drawing inferences. However, it remains an open question as to whether the developmental differences observed during both memory formation and inference itself represent a fundamental limitation on children's learning mechanisms, or rather their deployment of suboptimal strategy. Here, 7–9-year-old children (N = 154) and young adults (N = 130) first formed strong memories for initial (AB) associations and then engaged in one of three learning strategies as they viewed overlapping (BC) pairs. We found that being told to integrate—combine ABC during learning—both significantly improved children's ability to explicitly relate the indirectly associated A and C items during inference and protected the underlying pair memories from forgetting. However, this finding contrasted with implicit evidence for memory-to-memory connections: Adults and children both formed A-C links prior to any knowledge of an inference test—yet for children, such links were most apparent when they were told to simply encode BC, not integrate. Moreover, the accessibility of such implicit links differed between children and adults, with adults using them to make explicit inferences but children only doing so for well-established direct AB pairs. These results suggest that while a lack of integration strategy may explain a large share of the developmental differences in explicit inference, children and adults nevertheless differ in both the circumstances under which they connect interrelated memories and their ability to later leverage those links to inform flexible behaviours.

Research Highlights

• Children and adults view AB and BC pairs related through a shared item, B. This provides an opportunity for learners to connect A–C in memory.
• Being encouraged to integrate ABC during learning boosted performance on an explicit test of A–C connections (children and adults) and protected from forgetting (children).
• Children and adults differed in when implicit A–C connections were formed—occurring primarily when told to separately encode BC (children) versus integrate (adults), respectively.
• Adults used implicit A–C connections to facilitate explicit judgments, while children did not. Our results suggest developmental differences in the learning conditions promoting memory-to-memory connections.

     

人本主义心理学评价新探

本文从宏观上对人本主义心理学提出了新的评价。指出其主要贡献：（1）把人的本性与价值提到了心理学研究的首位；（2）突出人的动机系统与高级需要的重要作用；（3）提出实验客观范式与经验主观范式综合的新构想；（4）促进以人为本的组织管理与教育改革以及心理治疗的发展。根本缺陷：（1）未摆脱自然主义人性论的羁绊；（2）渗透个人本位主义精神；（3）缺乏实证性的检验与支持。     

中东中世纪伊斯兰城市行政体系

传统的东方学派学者认为中东中世纪伊斯兰城市没有城市行政管理机构,没有改进自己政府服务的责任,并由此否定城市的作用,认为城市没有任何积极贡献相伴随。而笔者认为省督、法官、市场监督员和公共道德监督员、社团谢赫和少数民族社团谢赫、行会谢赫等组成了中东伊斯兰城市独特的行政体系,该体系在城市不同的方面经营着城市,使统治阶级不用建立一个真正的管理网;同时,过于严密的行政管理网络也使城市失去了自由发展的机会,成为制约城市率先瓦解封建制度的一个重要因素。