青少年气质对其情绪调节的影响：教师情感能力的作用

青少年情绪调节近年来受到越来越多研究的关注,但环境变量是如何通过个体内变量对情绪调节施加影响还不清楚,我们现在采用多层线性模型探索教师情感能力在青少年学生气质影响其情绪调节中的作用。研究选取7-12年级1385名男女学生,和对应的36名班主任,分别施测学生问卷--情绪调节问卷、青少年早期气质问卷和教师情感能力问卷。结果表明：在学生水平,认知重评与气质维度的努力控制和亲和性正相关,与激情负相关;抑制只和负性情感正相关。在教师水平,教师的情感管理减弱了激情和亲和性对认知重评的影响,而教师的情感沟通增加了亲和性对认知重评的影响;教师的情感管理增强了负性情感对抑制的作用,反而教师情感理解降低了负性情感对抑制的作用。因此,气质的不同维度对学生情绪调节的影响不同,教师情感能力的不同方面对这种影响发挥着不同的调控作用。提示在开展情感教学过程中,对不同气质学生选择不同的情感策略有利于提高学生情绪调节的效果。     

功能性近红外光谱技术在说谎研究中的应用

功能性近红外光谱技术(functional near-infrared spectroscopy, fNIRS)是近年来新兴起的一种脑成像技术, 其凭借生态效度高,成本低等优势已成为一种具有广阔前景的测谎技术.研究者使用了被动说谎和主动说谎的实验范式, 验证了fNIRS技术在说谎研究中的可行性和准确性, 揭示了其在探讨年幼儿童说谎行为和真实互动情景中自发说谎行为的神经机制中的优势.未来研究应综合运用多种指标和方法, 考察说谎行为的神经网络, 加强真实人际互动情景下自发谎言神经机制和儿童说谎认知发展神经机制的研究, 这将有助于揭示说谎的本质, 提高测谎效力.     

Development of the Parent Emotion Regulation Scale (PERS): Factor Structure and Psychometric Qualities

This study aims to develop a self-report measure based on a multidimensional conceptualization of the regulation of negative emotions in the context of parenting. We examined the factor structure, factorial invariance, internal consistency and construct validity of the newly developed measure, the Parent Emotion Regulation Scale (PERS). The sample was composed of 254 mothers of children aged 3 to 15 years old (M?=?8.54, SD?=?3.53) who participated in an online study. Exploratory factor analysis of the PERS yielded a four-factor structure with the following factors: parents’ orientation to the child’s emotions, parents’ avoidance of the child’s emotions, parents’ lack of emotional control and parents’ acceptance of the child’s and their own emotions. Confirmatory factorial analysis supported the four-factor model, showing an adequate fit for this structure. Additionally, the model displayed configural, metric, scalar and residual invariance across the children’s sex groups. Cronbach’s alpha values and mean inter-item correlations indicated an adequate internal consistency. Correlations between the PERS scale and the Coping with Children’s Negative Emotions Scale (CCNES) indicated that the different dimensions of parents’ emotion regulation were significantly associated with both positive and negative reactions to the children’s negative emotions. Furthermore, the emotion regulation dimensions showed incremental validity in the prediction of the child’s adjustment. This study provides preliminary support for the adequacy of this newly developed measure, although further studies are needed to establish its psychometric qualities in more diverse populations.     

研究生科研角色认同对科研创造力的影响:导师包容性领导、师门差错管理氛围的作用

以来自62个师门的411名全日制在校研究生为被试,采用问卷调查法探讨研究生科研角色认同对科研创造力的影响,并构建多层线性模型,分析导师包容性领导、师门差错管理氛围的调节作用。结果发现：（1）科研角色认同对科研创造力产生显著正向影响;（2）导师包容性领导、师门差错管理氛围在科研角色认同与科研创造力关系中均具有正向调节作用;（3）导师包容性领导对师门差错管理氛围具有显著正向影响,导师包容性领导的调节作用通过师门差错管理氛围的调节作用对研究生科研创造力产生影响。     

In vitro hippocampal gamma oscillation power as an index of in vivo CA3 gamma oscillation strength and spatial reference memory

Neuronal synchronisation at gamma frequencies (30-100 Hz) has been implicated in cognition and memory. Gamma oscillations can be studied in various in vitro models, but their in vivo validity and their relationship with reference memory remains to be proven. By using the natural variation of wild type C57bl/6J mice, we assessed the relationships between reference memory and gamma oscillations recorded in hippocampal area CA3 in vivo and in vitro. Local field potentials (LFPs) were recorded from area CA3 in behaviourally-characterised freely moving mice, after which hippocampal slices were prepared for recordings in vitro of spontaneous gamma oscillations and kainate-induced gamma oscillations in CA3. The gamma-band power of spontaneous oscillations in vitro correlated with that of CA3 LFP oscillations during inactive behavioural states. The gamma-band power of kainate-induced oscillations correlated with the activity-dependent increase in CA3 LFP gamma-band power in vivo. Kainate-induced gamma-band power correlated with Barnes circular platform performance and object location recognition, but not with object novelty recognition. Kainate-induced gamma-band power was larger in mice that recognised the aversive context, but did not correlate with passive avoidance delay. The correlations between behavioural and electrophysiological measures obtained from the same animals show that the gamma-generating capacity of the CA3 network in vitro is a useful index of in vivo gamma strength and supports an important role of CA3 gamma oscillations in spatial reference memory.     

Visual perceptual learning

Perceptual learning refers to the phenomenon that practice or training in perceptual tasks often substantially improves perceptual performance. Often exhibiting stimulus or task specificities, perceptual learning differs from learning in the cognitive or motor domains. Research on perceptual learning reveals important plasticity in adult perceptual systems, and as well as the limitations in the information processing of the human observer. In this article, we review the behavioral results, mechanisms, physiological basis, computational models, and applications of visual perceptual learning.     

The association between infants' self-regulatory behavior and MAOA gene polymorphism

Self-regulatory behavior in early childhood is an important characteristic that has considerable implications for the development of adaptive and maladaptive functioning. The present study investigated the relations between a functional polymorphism in the upstream region of monoamine oxidase A gene (MAOA) and self-regulatory behavior in a sample of Chinese infants at 6 months of age. Self-regulation was assessed by observing infants' behavior of orienting visual attention away from a threatening event in the laboratory situation. The results indicated that regulatory behavior was associated with the functional MAOA gene polymorphism in girls, but not boys. Girls with 4/4 genotypes displayed significantly higher regulation than girls with 3/3 and 3/4 genotypes. The present study provided evidence for gender differences on the role of MAOA gene polymorphism in socioemotional functioning in the early years.     

现代人为什么不重视美德

现代人重视权利而不重视美德。必须通过对传统社会到现代社会之历史转变过程的全面考察,才能理解现代人为何不再重视美德。现代性有强烈的去道德化倾向。现代政治、经济和科学都表现出不同程度的去道德化倾向。正因为如此,道德"场"大为弱化。人们觉得不需要过多的美德,过多的美德是浪费(品质浪费),这是现代人不重视美德的内在原因;现代社会不容有太多具有美德的人,这是现代人不重视美德的外在原因。     

Recruitment of the pre-motor area in human inductive reasoning: An fMRI study

Recent studies indicated that the pre-motor area may be recruited in human higher level cognitive functions, including inductive reasoning. In the present study, a typical task of inductive reasoning, function-finding, was explored using functional MRI. fMRI results showed the significant activation of bilateral pre-motor cortex (BA 6), and its left lateralization. Taking together the previous studies and the present experimental design, we concluded that the left pre-motor cortex in the present study may associate with implicit relation synthesis, while the right pre-motor cortex may reflect spatial information processing involved in arithmetic rules.     

内隐领导理论:认知革命在领导研究领域的新拓展

以认知心理学理论为基础的内隐领导理论研究近十几年来引起人们极大的兴趣,逐渐成为领导研究的新热点.本文通过对该领域当前最新研究成果的回顾与思考,探讨了内隐领导理论的概念、结构、一致性与影响因素,并提出了实践与未来研究的建议.