人格维度、自我和谐及行为抑制与心身症状的关系

研究旨在通过实证研究建立人格维度、自我和谐、行为抑制和心身症状之间关系的结构方程模型。对600余名被试问卷测量的相关、回归和结构方程模型分析表明,人格维度可以直接和/或通过行为抑制和自我和谐对心身症状有着正向或负向的预测作用,而且自我与经验的不和谐、行为抑制和心身症状本身都可以作为心理健康的指标,它们之间又存在密切的相互关系     

Acute exposure to stress improves performance in trace eyeblink conditioning and spatial learning tasks in healthy men

The present study investigated the effects of acute stress exposure on learning performance in humans using analogs of two paradigms frequently used in animals. Healthy male participants were exposed to the cold pressor test (CPT) procedure, i.e., insertion of the dominant hand into ice water for 60 sec. Following the CPT or the control procedure, participants completed a trace eyeblink conditioning task followed by a virtual navigation Morris water task (VNMWT). Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis and sympathetic autonomic system (SAS) activity were assessed by measuring salivary cortisol, heart rate, and skin conductance at selected timepoints. Results revealed positive effects of stress on performance in both tasks. The stress group showed significantly more conditioned blinks than the control group during acquisition of trace eyeblink conditioning. The stress group also performed significantly better in the VNMWT than the control group, with the former showing significantly fewer failures to locate the hidden platform in the allotted time and smaller heading errors than the latter. Regression analyses revealed positive relationships between HPA axis and SAS activity during stress and eyeblink conditioning performance. Our results directly extend findings from animal studies and suggest potential physiological mechanisms underlying stress and learning.     

课间缓解学习疲劳的一项探索性研究

学习疲劳是影响学生心理健康和学习效率的重要因素。学生课间心理保健操是根据我国大、中、小学生的生理、心理特点,参考Jacobson的渐进放松技术编制而成的,一般在学生学习最疲劳的课间组织实施。经过8所大、中、小学921名被试的实验研究,结果显示:学生课间心理保健操对大、中、小学生都有作用,能够有效地缓解学生的学习疲劳,恢复认知水平,特别是注意水平;对男生和女生普遍适用。适合大面积推广。     

“中国逻辑”名称困难的辨析——“唯一的逻辑”引发的困惑与质疑

上世纪三十年代,金岳霖先生以欧洲传统演绎逻辑是唯一和普遍的逻辑学观念,对中国逻辑的研究提出了“中国逻辑”的名称能否成立的问题。否认逻辑与文化的联系,坚持逻辑的唯一性和欧洲传统演绎逻辑的唯一性与普遍性,这些是提出“中国逻辑”名称困难的依据。上述观点将会面对由逻辑学研究对象、逻辑学学科性质以及逻辑史所展示的事实所引发的诸多困惑与质疑。逻辑学的研究对象是逻辑思维。逻辑思维不是单纯的自然现象,而是属于人的精神世界。人的精神世界依附于人类的文化,即人的实践活动及其成果的总和。当人类文化呈现出多样性的统一状态时,包括逻辑思维在内的精神世界不仅有共性,也有由民族地域不同而显现的个性。在中国,先秦文化不同于古希腊文化,它的核心是伦理政治与社会人事,它的主要内容是伦理尺度与治国纲纪的构想、建立和实践,它的基本思维取向是现实的需要以及实践中的经验。以“类同”为依据进行“以类取,以类予”推演的“推类”,成为先秦时期逻辑思维中居主导地位的推理类型,同时也成为先秦逻辑学研究的主要内容。中国古代逻辑学是有别于欧洲传统演绎逻辑的。研究中国逻辑离不开对欧洲传统逻辑的借鉴,在这种借鉴研究中,应用比较法的关键有三：第一,被比较的诸对象都把与之相比较的对象视为平等的他者,而不是对立者或规范者;第二,在见其同异中,比较以见其相异乃更为重要。第三,对研究对象的异点给出制约因素的分析,就中国逻辑研究而言,就是“历史分析与文化诠释”。     

Analogical and category-based inference: a theoretical integration with Bayesian causal models

A fundamental issue for theories of human induction is to specify constraints on potential inferences. For inferences based on shared category membership, an analogy, and/or a relational schema, it appears that the basic goal of induction is to make accurate and goal-relevant inferences that are sensitive to uncertainty. People can use source information at various levels of abstraction (including both specific instances and more general categories), coupled with prior causal knowledge, to build a causal model for a target situation, which in turn constrains inferences about the target. We propose a computational theory in the framework of Bayesian inference and test its predictions (parameter-free for the cases we consider) in a series of experiments in which people were asked to assess the probabilities of various causal predictions and attributions about a target on the basis of source knowledge about generative and preventive causes. The theory proved successful in accounting for systematic patterns of judgments about interrelated types of causal inferences, including evidence that analogical inferences are partially dissociable from overall mapping quality.     

佛道争锋与寒山形象的演变

本文提出佛道争锋影响和决定了寒山形象的演变。寒山在较早的道教记载中是一个隐居修道者的形象,后来逐渐佛教化,演变为佛教高僧的形象。但道教并未因此放弃对寒山的所有权,而是通过阐发寒山诗中的道教精神、编造新的寒山作品等手段,力图重塑寒山的修道者形象。     

形态、路径与问题：马克思主义哲学研究的反省与前瞻

改革开放以来,哲学理论界在马克思主义哲学领域开展了深入的反思,取得了显著的研究成果。进入新世纪,一批新生代学者自觉地对马克思主义哲学研究现状进行再反思。为此,本刊特辟“马克思主义哲学研究现状及其反思”专栏,希望就马克思主义哲学研究中出现的问题以及研究方式、研究路径做进一步思考和探讨,以期推动马克思主义哲学研究的创新和发展。     

心理障碍的文化建构--健康心理学发展中的新趋向

西方心理学发展过程中的文化转向使得文化在心理障碍建构中的作用日益突出,主要表现为:象征功能、建构功能、指导功能和唤起功能。相应地,文化对于心理障碍的建构主要通过文化基础的主观经验、悲伤惯用语、诊断、治疗和结果来进行。此种建构方式将促使心理障碍的诊断和治疗走出传统的疾病中心治疗范式,更加关注人文因素的强大作用。     

强迫症患者反应抑制缺陷及注意的调节作用

使用内外源线索结合不同冲突水平的侧抑制任务,考察强迫症患者对分心刺激的抑制有无缺陷、注意定向对分心刺激的干扰效应有无调节作用及在何水平上发挥作用。结果表明:强迫症患者不同冲突水平的侧抑制任务均无明显反应抑制缺陷,可能与其注意威胁性信息等有关;集中注意在知觉冲突水平上对强迫症患者和正常人的反应冲突进行调节且无显著性差异,可能与强迫症患者关注内容非空间定向有关。     

Suffering a Loss Is Good Fortune: Myth or Reality?

We sometimes decide to take an offered option that results in apparent loss (e.g., unpaid overtime). Mainstream decision theory does not predict or explain this as a choice we want to make, whereas such a choice has long been described and highly regarded by the traditional Chinese dogma “吃亏是福” (suffering a loss is good fortune). To explore what makes the dogma work, we developed a celebrity anecdote‐based scale to measure “Chikui” (suffering a loss) likelihood and found that:(i) people with higher scores on the Chikui Likelihood Scale (CLS) were more likely to report higher scores on subjective well‐being and the Socioeconomic Index for the present and (ii) the current Socioeconomic Index could be positively predicted not only by current CLS scores but also by retrospective CLS scores recalled for the past, and the predictive effect was enhanced with increasing time intervals. Our findings suggest that “suffering a loss is good fortune” is not a myth but a certain reality. © 2017 The Authors Journal of Behavioral Decision Making Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.