Mechanochemical synthesis for studying the melting of metallic nanoparticles: a case study of copper

Mechanochemical synthesis is a promising method for studying the size-dependent melting of metals if the size of the resulting metallic nanoparticles can be tuned effectively. Here, with Cu as an example, we show that tuning of particle sizes can be accomplished by extending the milling time at a high milling speed and following annealing of the milled samples. With the so prepared samples, the melting point depression of Cu nanoparticles and its size dependence are successfully investigated.     

Individualism and sociocultural adaptation: Discrimination and social capital as moderators among rural‐to‐urban migrants in China

This study examined the associations of sociocultural adaptation with individualism and collectivism and the moderating roles of discrimination and social capital in the associations among rural‐to‐urban migrants (N = 641) in Beijing, China. Results indicated that individualism was associated with poorer adaptation for migrants reporting low perceived discrimination or low social capital. However, migrants reporting high perceived discrimination showed poorer adaptation, regardless of individualism; and migrants reporting high social capital showed better adaptation, regardless of individualism. Collectivism was not related to adaptation. Findings suggest that individualism may be detrimental to migrants’ adjustment to a collectivistic society.     

Past and Future Episodic Thinking in Middle Childhood

The abilities of past and future episodic thinking develop hand in hand across the preschool years and are intimately connected in adults. Little is known, however, about the development of episodic thinking in middle childhood and how it is influenced by sociocultural factors. In the present study, one hundred sixty-seven 7- to 10-year-old children from European American and Chinese cultural backgrounds were interviewed individually about temporally near and distant past and future events. The child data were further contrasted with adult data in Wang, Hou, Tang, and Wiprovnick (2011 Wang , Q. , Hou , Y. , Tang , H. , &; Wiprovnick , A. ( 2011 ). Traveling backward and forward in time: Culture and gender in the episodic specificity of past and future events . Memory , 19 , 103 – 109 . doi: 10.1080/09658211.2010.537279 [Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). European American children generated more specific details than did Chinese children in both past and future events. Children of the two cultures relied similarly on general knowledge in their episodic thinking, and yet, they did so to a greater extent when compared with adults. In addition, similar to adults, children exhibited consistency in episodic specificity between past- and future-event construction, and they generated more specific details in past events compared with future events and in near events compared with distant events. The findings provide important insights for the development of episodic thinking in middle childhood and beyond.     

同伴团体对青少年问题行为的影响：一项基于社会网络分析的研究

以675名初中和高中学生为被试,采用社会网络分析方法,获得506名青少年在其班级中的网络中心度,并确定他们所属的同伴团体,在此基础上考察同伴团体的行为规范对其问题行为的影响。结果发现：（1）在控制了班级层次的问题行为水平和其他相关变量后,同伴团体的问题行为水平能够正向预测青少年自身的问题行为;（2）青少年在同伴团体内部的地位能负向预测青少年的问题行为,青少年在班级社交网络中的度数中心度能正向预测其问题行为,而中介中心度能负向预测其问题行为;（3）交互作用分析表明：同伴团体的问题行为水平主要对低中介中心度的青少年产生显著影响;仅在问题行为水平较高的同伴团体中,青少年的度数中心度正向预测其问题行为。     

综论中国地方政府职能转变与机构改革

科学界定地方政府职能取决于纵向——中央-地方政府权力关系架构下的权责划分和横向——不同时代条件下政府属性及其行为取向这两个维度变量的影响。本文基于经济学公共品理论的研究视角,构建了一个以地方层次上的外部性和规模经济构成的二维空间,以此作为中央-地方政府职能划分的判断矩阵,并进一步简要分析了中国地方政府机构改革取向。本文认为,中国地方政府机构设置与中央政府有同有异理应是主流政策取向。具体而言,省级政府可能最为接近中央政府的模式,地市级政府可能更偏向于因地制宜的模式,而县、乡级政府将趋于功能整合、部门精简,一如缩微版的大部制。     

Development of the Motivators of and Barriers to Health-Smart Behaviors Inventory

The Motivators of and Barriers to Health-Smart Behaviors Inventory (MB-HSBI) was developed for use in identifying self-reported motivators of and barriers to the following health-promoting behaviors (called health-smart behaviors) that should occur daily to help promote health and overcome illnesses/diseases: eating a healthy breakfast, eating healthy foods and snacks, drinking healthy drinks, and engaging in physical activity. The MB-HSBI was developed through several phases as part of a multisite study on modifying and preventing obesity. A central aspect of the larger study was to identify motivators of and barriers to the targeted health-smart behaviors among African American, Asian, Hispanic, and White adults. After establishing content validity and preliminary pilot testing, the MB-HSBI was administered to a national sample of 926 culturally diverse adults. Factor analyses and most of the internal consistency results supported multiple scales and subscales measuring motivators of and barriers to each of the targeted health-smart behavior domains. Scores correlated in expected directions with health self-efficacy and with importance of health-related behavioral goals. Pending further psychometric support of the MB-HSBI, this inventory or selected scales from it may serve as flexible and novel tools for (a) assessing motivators of and barriers to health-smart behaviors in community and clinical health promotion research studies and (b) developing assessment-based, culturally sensitive intervention programs that are customized to address the motivators of and barriers to health-smart behaviors identified in target communities, particularly those communities whose members are mostly racial/ethnic minorities and/or have low family incomes.     

Do girls and boys perceive themselves as equally engaged in school? The results of an international study from 12 countries

This study examined gender differences in student engagement and academic performance in school. Participants included 3420 students (7th, 8th, and 9th graders) from Austria, Canada, China, Cyprus, Estonia, Greece, Malta, Portugal, Romania, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The results indicated that, compared to boys, girls reported higher levels of engagement in school and were rated higher by their teachers in academic performance. Student engagement accounted for gender differences in academic performance, but gender did not moderate the associations among student engagement, academic performance, or contextual supports. Analysis of multiple-group structural equation modeling revealed that perceptions of teacher support and parent support, but not peer support, were related indirectly to academic performance through student engagement. This partial mediation model was invariant across gender. The findings from this study enhance the understanding about the contextual and personal factors associated with girls' and boys' academic performance around the world.     

The development and validation of the Relational Self-Esteem Scale

According to the tripartite model of the self (Brewer & Gardner, 1996), the self consists of three aspects: personal, relational, and collective. Correspondingly, individuals can achieve a sense of self-worth through their personal attributes (personal self-esteem), relationship with significant others (relational self-esteem), or social group membership (collective self-esteem). Existing measures on personal and collective self-esteem are available in the literature; however, no scale exists that assesses relational self-esteem. The authors developed a scale to measure individual differences in relational self-esteem and tested it with two samples of Chinese university students. Between and within-network approaches to construct validation were used. The scale showed adequate internal consistency reliability and results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed good fit. It also exhibited meaningful correlations with theoretically relevant constructs in the nomological network. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.     

马克思的“个体”和“共同体”概念

个体与共同体的概念在马克思哲学和历史理论中占有重要的地位。"人格个体"(das persoenliche Individuum)与作为这种个体联合的"真正共同体"(wirkliche Gemeinschaft),构成马克思所追求的理想社会的密不可分、互为前提的两端。马克思对个体与共同体及其相互关系的认识和重建,集中反     

用于情绪障碍研究的面部表情系统的初步建立

目的:建立一套情绪障碍研究用面部表情图片系统,为异常情绪的研究提供标准化刺激材料,增加情绪障碍研究的取材范围。方法:对85名被试拍摄喜悦、惊奇、轻蔑、厌恶、愤怒、恐惧、悲伤、平静、兴趣、羞愧、痛苦11种面部表情图片,拍摄强度分为强、中、弱三个等级,经过两次筛选,再由40名评定者对其进行类别、强度、愉悦度和优势度的判定。结果:获得一系列具有代表性的不同等级强度的8种面部表情图片520张,其中喜悦167张、惊奇78张、轻蔑67张、厌恶29张、愤怒46张、恐惧19张、悲伤65张、平静49张,每张图片都有其相应的一致率、强度、愉悦度和优势度分数。结论:面部表情图片系统为以后情绪障碍的研究提供了较好的标准化刺激材料;首次提供了轻蔑的表情图片;性别可能影响厌恶、恐惧表情的强度识别。