儿童归纳推理机制述评

在儿童早期归纳推理机制的探索过程中,一直存在着两种观点.一种认为儿童归纳推理是以类别或概念为基础的;另一种则认为儿童归纳推理是以相似性为基础的.这两种观点可能各自反应了儿童归纳推理的一个方面:前者可能说明的是儿童在知识丰富领域的归纳推理;而后者则可能说明的是儿童在知识贫乏领域的归纳推理.     

中国文化下伴侣身高偏好的性别二态性研究

本研究首次考察中国文化下伴侣身高性别二态性偏好,验证Pawlowski潜在伴侣身高偏好条件性假设,并探讨性别角色对身高偏好的影响。结果表明：（1）选择不同身高搭配组的男女身高均有显著差异,低个男性和高个女性会选择和自已身高接近的伴侣高度。（2）男性对伴侣身高要求比女性更宽容。（3）不同性别角色类型被试对身高偏好无显著差异。     

神的问题还是人的问题？——质疑宗教拯救道德论

近来．从学术言论到社会生活中都有宗教拯救道德论流行的趋势。这种论调一方面导致民众信教意向的增加,另一方面导致了人们对科学和唯物主义信念的怀疑。本文首先指出这种观点对我国社会道德问题的归因是错误的。接着驳斥了与之紧密相关的科学宗教分工说和宗教高于科学说．最后揭示了宗教道德拯救论掩盖我国当前社会道德问题的实质．会被一部分人有意利用。     

Distributional analyses in auditory lexical decision: Neighborhood density and word-frequency effects

In the present article, the effects of phonological neighborhood density and word frequency in spoken word recognition were examined using distributional analyses of response latencies in auditory lexical decision. A density × frequency interaction was observed in mean latencies; frequency effects were larger for low-density words than for high-density words. Distributional analyses further revealed that for low-density words, frequency effects were reflected in both distributional shifting and skewing, whereas for high-density words, frequency effects were purely mediated by distributional skewing. The results suggest that word frequency plays a role in early auditory word recognition only when there is relatively little competition between similar-sounding words, and that frequency effects in high-density words reflect postlexical checking.     

Role of personal endorsement of outgroup members' distinctive values and need for cognitive closure in attitude towards the outgroup

The present study was designed to examine the role of the perceived culture of the outgroup and the perceiver's cognitive style on the intergroup process. We conducted a survey among mainland Chinese college students to discover the role of their personal endorsement of Hong Kong Chinese's distinctive values and need for cognitive closure in predicting their attitude towards the Hong Kong Chinese outgroup. Results showed that mainland Chinese who gave a higher endorsement of Hong Kong Chinese values were more likely to show a positive attitude towards Hong Kong Chinese, especially for people with a higher need for cognitive closure. These results were discussed in terms of the function of shared social reality on the formation of positive intergroup attitude. Future directions for intergroup research were proposed based on these findings.     

A laboratory-based procedure for measuring emotional expression from natural speech

Despite dramatic advances in the sophistication of tools for measuring prosodic and content channels of expression from natural speech, methodological issues have limited the simultaneous measurement of those channels for laboratory research. This is particularly unfortunate, considering the importance of emotional expression in daily living and how it can be disrupted in many psychological disorders (e.g., schizophrenia). The present study examined the Computerized assessment of Affect from Natural Speech (CANS), a laboratory-based procedure that was designed to measure both lexical and prosodic expression from natural speech across a range of evocative conditions. The verbal responses of 38 male and 31 female subjects were digitally recorded as they reacted to separate pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral stimuli. Lexical and prosodic expression variables significantly changed across these conditions, providing support for using the CANS in further laboratory research. The implications for understanding the interface between lexical and prosodic expressions are also discussed.     

情绪代理变量对投资者决策的影响

情绪代理变量是指影响投资者对市场判断的非经济变量,主要包括天气、人体生物钟、月运周期、信念、社会事件、资本形象等。与蝴蝶效应类似,其影响在现实中往往被忽略了,但研究表明它们却会使股票市场出现巨大的波动。文章总结了两类情绪代理变量（“错误归因”情绪变量和“启发式”情绪变量）对投资者决策产生影响的研究,这些研究结果可以使投资者从认识自己的情绪中获益,也可为我国决策层和监管层制定出合理的政策提供依据     

职业生涯探索的结构、方法及影响因素

职业生涯探索是指个体在探索动机推动下,对于自我和职业发展相关的环境进行探索,形成一定技能、获得相应的认知和情感反馈的过程,其最终目的在于自我的发展和整合。此领域的研究主要集中于职业生涯探索的概念、结构划分、测量方法和影响因素几方面。关于结构的研究有内容和过程两种取向;影响因素的研究主要从家庭和个体两方面展开。明确职业生涯探索结构、进一步完善测量工具及深入了解职业生涯探索的原因机制是未来研究的趋向     

情境类型对儿童道德情绪判断及归因的影响

选取259名4～7岁儿童,考察了其在不同道德情境中的道德情绪判断及归因模式的发展状况.结果显示:情境类型对儿童对行为者的道德情绪判断及归因具有重要影响.在不履行亲社会行为和反社会行为失败情境中,存在与反社会及亲社会情境中不同的情绪判断模式.儿童道德情绪判断归因模式的发展是以"结果定向--道德定向"为主线并整合多种定向,不履行亲社会行为情境中出现了责任定向,反社会及反社会行为失败情境中出现了弥补和掩饰定向.     

泛自闭症障碍执行功能的神经心理学和神经成像研究

文章主要回顾了泛自闭症障碍在四个方面的执行功能缺陷-维持注意、注意定向、反应抑制、和设置转换/认知灵活性.总括了泛自闭症障碍在这些特定的执行功能方面的神经心理学和神经成像研究,并提出了以后研究的建议.