组织决策的影响力分布特征及中英比较

本研究深入分析了组织内部各层次及外部机构对 1 8项决策的影响力。结果指出 :①我国企业存在着四种高层管理与中层管理的决策分工协作模型 ,即高层主导决策、中层自主决策、共同决策及层次决策模型 ,这说明我国企业中层管理的作用得到了加强 ,他们对决策的影响高于英国企业。②中国企业中 ,工人和基层管理的影响力普遍较小 ,尤其是在短期决策上 ,他们的影响力显著地小于英国企业。③中、英两国企业工会的影响力都很小 ,没有显著差别。但是从阻止力上分析 ,英国企业工会的作用显著地大于中国企业。这说明阻止力是一种独特的影响决策的方式 ,需要进一步的研究。     

广州市肢残青年心理应付机制的研究

运用ＳＣＬ—９０量表、艾森克问卷和社会支持量表对肢残者进行研究。结果显示：肢残组的神经质分高于对照组;肢残组ＳＣＬ一９０各因子分及总痛苦水平分均明显高于对照组;肢残组经济来源自给组和他给组之间的对比,除躯体化、偏执外,其余均存在不同程度的差异;肥残组的社会支持总分、客观支持分明显低于对照组;进行多元逐步回归分析发现：神经质分、精神质分与总痛基水平呈正相关．而主观支持分则与其呈负相关。     

Cinematographical Analysis of Movement Pathway Constraints in Rapid Target-Striking Tasks

Several features of the actual movement pathway in two rapid target-striking tasks were quantified by using high-speed cinematography, and whether the movement pathway is constrained as a function of the accuracy demands imposed by the size of the subtended angle was determined. Subjects (N = 16) first hit an 8-cm-diameter target located 10 cm to the left of a start position and then, depending on the condition, moved another 10 cm to hit either a 6-cm- or 1.5-cm-diameter target. Subtended angles were 17.1 and 4.3 degrees for the large and small second-target conditions, respectively. Fifty trials per condition were performed, the last 3 of which were filmed at 120 Hz. The vertical dimension of movement (peak height along the z-axis) was captured directly from the camera view, whereas the horizontal (y-axis) dimension, that is, the dimension orthogonal to the principal direction of motion, was captured through a mirror positioned above the target board. Reaction times and movement times were significantly longer in the small second-target condition, thus replicating the well-known response complexity effect. Kinematic analyses revealed that when the subtended angle was smaller, there was significantly less horizontal pathway deviation as well as significantly higher peak vertical displacement in the movement. Therefore, the accuracy demands imposed by a smaller subtended angle do constrain the actual movement pathway.     

心理控制源期望的认知－知识系统模型

在总结了有关心理控制源期望的理论与实证证据的基础上,结合作者近年来在责备、辩解、生活事件知觉与心身健康关系方面的研究,将心理控制源期望重新界定为一种“认知－知识系统模型”：个体的心理控制源期望既在总体上表现为一种一般性的内控或外控的倾向性,又受对情境特点的认知的影响,两者有交互作用,而且社会文化环境的特点也起重要的作用。这一模型总结了中国被试的研究结果,并且在人格、社会心理及临床心理学的有关理论和研究方面也有重要的参考价值。     

Reception of Morse code through motional, vibrotactile, and auditory stimulation

The potential for communication through the kinesthetic aspect of the tactual sense was examined in a series of experiments employing Morse code signals. Experienced and inexperienced Morse code operators were trained to identify Morse code signals that were delivered as sequences of motional stimulation through up-down displacements (roughly 10 mm) of the fingertip. Performance on this task was compared with that obtained for both vibrotactile and acoustic presentation of Morse code using a 200-Hz tone delivered either to the fingertip through a minishaker or diotically to the two ears under headphones. For all three modalities, the ability to receive Morse code was examined as a function of presentation rate for tasks including identification of single letters, random three-letter sequences, common words, and sentences. Equivalent word-rate measures (i.e., product of percent correct scores and stimulus presentation rate) were nearly twice as high for auditory presentation as for vibrotactile stimulation, which in turn was about 1.3 times that for motional stimulation. The experienced subjects outperformed the inexperienced subjects by amounts that increased with task complexity. For example, the former were able to receive sentences at 18 words/min with motional stimulation, whereas the latter, following 75 h of training, were unable to perform this task. The present results and those of other research with tactual communication systems are compared, particularly regarding estimates of information-transfer rates.     

视动刺激生理心理反应的实验研究

３０名男性军校学员。在两种指导语指导下,经受了一系列视动跃跃刺激（５、１０、１５、２０、３０、４０、６０、８０、１００、１２０度／秒）,每个刺激持续２０秒。用磁带机记录被试的视动性眼震信号,同时,记录被试视动性错觉出现的潜伏期和错觉量。视动性眼震信号在７Ｔ１７信息处理仪上进行脱机采样处理,错觉量用模糊集途径进行量化。主要结论如下：１．视动性眼震的快相速度、慢性速度、快相幅度、慢性幅度均随刺激速度增加而增大,在６０－１２０度／秒范围达到峰值后,基本维持稳定状态,而快慢相时间却有相反的变化趋势,其随刺激速度增加而减小,在６０度／秒达到最低值,然后略有回升。２．在５－１２０度／秒内,视动性错觉随刺激速度的增加而增大,呈直线上升。３．视动性眼震与视动性错觉不存在因果关系。低速度视动刺激下,当视动性眼震被抑制时,错觉量明显增大,说明视动性眼震减轻了视动性错觉。     

应激对大鼠行为和部分脑区谷氨酸含量的影响

以旷场试验法测定动物在急、慢性躯体性和心理性应激时的行为变化,以快速断头冷冻匀浆法,用ＨＩＴＡＣＨＩ－８３５氨基酸分析仪测定应激各期视皮层、海马、下丘脑、小脑谷氨酸含量。并对正常动物经侧脑室微量注射Ｌ－ＡＰ４后观察行为变化。结果显示,急性应激期动物行为活动增加,慢性应激期减少：应激时,大鼠部分脑区的谷氨酸含量与对照组相比在不同时期呈显著性差异;侧脑室微量注射Ｌ－ＡＰ４提示行为活动减弱可能与脑内Ｇｌｕ系统的活动有关。     

国外关于幼儿道德判断的近期研究

简要介绍国外近年来从信息加工和情绪归因的角度对幼儿道德判断进行的研究。这些研究揭示：幼儿道德判断受记忆、理解因素的影响;其发展表现为整合信息能力和根据不同情境分化地使用不同判断标准的能力不断提高;幼儿道德认知与情绪反应有不一致的现象。     

Perceived social context and risk preference: A re-examination of framing effects in a life-death decision problem

This study examines the effects of perceived group context on subjects risk attitudes and their sensitivity to the framing of choice outcomes in a ‘life-death’ decision problem. It seeks to uncover the psychological mechanisms underlying decision-making biases by systematically manipulating the decision context in which the ‘life-death’ problem was described. The study revealed that subjects risk preferences varied as a function of the experimental manipulations. Previously observed reversals in preferences (framing effects) appeared in large-group contexts and disappeared in small-group and family contexts. When considering the fate of small groups, subjects unambiguously favored the probabilistic outcome, no matter how the ‘life-death’ decision problem was framed. The empirical data obtained from the present study suggest that human choice patterns are behaviorally distinguishable across large-group, small-group, and family social contexts.     

人事决策信息利用和效能预测模型

本研究以 1 2 2名人事管理人员为被试 ,采用问卷测量法 ,分析了企业人事决策信息利用的现状 ,信息利用指标和效能的关系。结果发现 :1企业人事决策中比较重视能力要求信息、组织环境信息和个人档案材料 ,忽略心理特点信息的利用 ;2非程序信息、人职匹配信息对效能指标的直接预测力较强 ,其他指标的预测力较弱 ;3能力要求、考核成绩、个人档案材料等信息通过人职匹配信息的利用对效能指标产生影响。文章还构建了人事决策的效能预测模型 ,并讨论了研究结果对企业人事决策诊断和发展的理论和实际意义。