在推理加工能力上学困生与学优生的比较研究

本研究采用模糊集论和信息论的方法,探讨了中小学学困生与学优生在不同记忆负荷条件下的推理加工。结果表明,学优生与学困生在高低两种记忆负荷条件下,已知信息的利用率和推理加工的效率都受到了影响。其中学困生的已知信息的利用率不如学优生,学困生的推理加工效率也不如学优生。     

初中生的亲子沟通及其与家庭环境系统和社会适应关系的研究

本文比较了父母在亲子沟通上的差异 ,并用结构方程模型分析方法探讨了家庭环境系统中各因素的因果关系。结果表明 :( 1 )初中生的亲子沟通没有年级差异 ;初中生在与父亲的沟通内容上、与母亲的沟通时间和态度上存在性别差异。 ( 2 )父母教育水平对亲子沟通的直接影响很小 ,它主要通过对家庭结构的影响而对亲子沟通施加影响。父母与孩子长期形成的亲子关系质量影响父母与孩子的沟通状况 ;家庭结构影响父亲与孩子的沟通 ,而很少影响孩子与母亲的沟通。 ( 3 )家庭功能对亲子沟通也具有影响力。其中 ,情感反应既影响父子之间的沟通质量也影响母子之间的沟通 ,总的家庭功能影响母子之间的沟通质量 ,而不影响父子之间的沟通。 ( 4 )亲子沟通质量直接影响学生的同伴关系、心理健康和学业成绩。     

大学校园压力的类型和特点

本研究有两个主要目的：第一,探讨大学校园压力的类型;第二,分析大学校园压力的特点。研究分三个步骤,第一个步骤(研究一)采用开放式问卷方法探讨大学校园的主要压力源。第二个步骤(研究二)通过对开放式问卷的结果进行因素分析,确定压力类型。第三个步骤(研究三)采用量表测试方法分析大学校园压力的特点。主要测量工具为《大学生压力量表》。被试取自北京市两所高校的一至三年级大学生,共1295人。结果显示：大学校园压力的主要类型为：学习烦扰,个人烦扰和消极生活事件。大学校园压力的主要特点是：日常烦扰所产生的压力为主要压力,而突发性消极事件并非大学生压力的主要来源。     

Fractal dynamics of heart beat interval fluctuations in corticotropin-releasing factor receptor subtype 2 deficient mice

Non-linear fractal analysis of cardiac interbeat time series was performed in corticotropin-releasing factor receptor subtype 2 (CRFR2) deficient mice. Heart rate dynamics in mice constitutes a self-similar, scale-invariant, random fractal process with persistent intrinsic long-range correlations and inverse power-law properties. We hypothesized that the sustained tachycardic response elicited by intraperitoneal (ip) injection of human/rat CRF (h/rCRF) is mediated by CRFR2. In wildtype control animals, heart rate was increased to about maximum levels (~ 750 bpm) while in CRFR2-deficient animals baseline values were retained (~ 580 bpm). The tachycardic response elicited by ip-application is mediated by CRFR2 and is interpreted to result from sympathetic stimulation. However, the functional integrity of CRFR2 would not present a prerequisite to maintaining the responsiveness and resiliency of cardiac control to external environmental perturbations experimentally induced by extrinsic ip-application of h/rCRF or under physiological conditions that may be associated with an increased peripheral release of CRF. Under stressful physiological conditions achieved by novelty exposure, CRFR2 is not involved in the cardiodynamic regulation to external short-term stress. While the hypothesis of involvement of CRFR2 in cardiac regulation upon pharmacological stimulation cannot be rejected, the present findings suggest that the mechanism of action is by sympathetic stimulation, but would not unambiguously allow to draw any conclusions as to the physiological role of CRFR2 in the control of cardiac dynamics.     

善的两种冲突

冲突一词在语言表达中其实有两个很不相同的意义和用法。一种用法是：冲突的命题不能同时为真的逻辑真理性冲突;另一种用法是：冲突的价值欲望不能同时满足的现实选择性冲突。本文对冲突的两种意义及用法进行了区别,分析了这两种冲突的意义和用法在道德善恶判断中的联系和混用,并对道德相对主义与道德多元主义提出了批评。     

Are transitions in human gait determined by mechanical,kinetic or energetic factors?

It is currently unclear whether it is the need to maintain metabolic efficiency, the need to keep skeletal loading below critical force levels, or simple mechanical factors that drive the walk-to-run (W-R) and run-to-walk (R-W) transitions in human gait. Eighteen adults (9 males and 9 females) locomoted on an instrumented treadmill using their preferred gait. Each completed 2 ascending (W-R) and 2 descending (R-W) series of trials under three levels of loading (0%, 15% and 30% body weight). For each trial, participants locomoted for 60 s at each of 9 different speeds--4 speeds both above and below their preferred transition speed (PTS) plus their PTS. Evidence was sought for critical levels of key kinetic (maximum vertical force, impulse, first peak force, time to first peak force and maximum loading rate), energetic (oxygen consumption, transport cost) and mechanical variables (limb lengths, strength) predictive of the gait transition. Analyses suggested the kinetic variables of time to first peak force and loading rate as the most likely determinants of the W-R and R-W transitions.     

Predicting intergroup bias: the interactive effects of implicit theory and social identity

This research sought to integrate the implicit theory approach and the social identity approach to understanding biases in intergroup judgment. The authors hypothesized that a belief in fixed human character would be associated with negative bias and prejudice against a maligned group regardless of the perceiver's social identity. By contrast, a belief in malleable human character would allow the perceiver's social identity to guide intergroup perception, such that a common ingroup identity that includes the maligned group would be associated with less negative bias and prejudice against the maligned group than would an exclusive identity. To test these hypotheses, a correlational study was conducted in the context of the Hong Kong 1997 political transition to examine Hong Kong Chinese's perceptions of Chinese Mainlanders, and an experimental study was conducted in the United States to examine Asian Americans' perception of African Americans. Results from both studies supported the authors' predictions.     

Developmental differences in children's ballistic aiming movements of the arm

An experiment was conducted to examine the change in the relation between programming and "on-line" correction as a developmental explanation of children's arm movement performance. Each of 54 children in three age groups (5, 8, and 10 yr.) completed two types of rapid aiming arm movements in the longitudinal plane on the surface of a digitizer. Percent primary submovements and timing variability were dependent variables. Analysis suggested that the 5-yr.-olds used "on-line" monitoring during the arm movement and did not perform the movement sequence as a functional unit. Compared with 8- and 10-yr.-olds, the 5-yr.-olds planned a smaller portion of movements, executed the arm movements with more variability in time to peak velocity. The 8- and 10-yr.-olds appeared to plan their movements and execute the sequence as a unit. The developmental implications were discussed.     

Cognitive-behavior therapy for discontinuation of SSRI treatment of panic disorder: a case series

In this report we describe the outcome of eight outpatients with panic disorder and agoraphobia who discontinued their treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) in the context of a structured, group program of cognitive-behavior therapy. All patients successfully discontinued their SSRI medication while demonstrating clinical improvement. These results were maintained at 3-month follow-up. This case series suggests that manualized CBT for discontinuation of benzodiazepine treatment for panic disorder may be successfully applied to SSRI discontinuation as well.